Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-Century Europe

248 Pages·2001·4.851 MB·English

by  Moira Donald, Tim Rees (eds.)

Reinterpreting Revolution in
Twentieth-Century Europe
THEMES IN FOCUS
Published Titles
Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks
THE MIDDLING SORT OF PEOPLE:Culture,Society
and Politics in England,1550–1800
Patrick Collinson and John Craig
THE REFORMATION IN ENGLISH TOWNS,1500–1640
Moira Donald and Tim Rees
REINTERPRETING REVOLUTION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY
EUROPE
Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales
THE CULTURE OF ENGLISH PURITANISM,1560–1700
Paul Griffiths,Adam Fox and Steve Hindle
THE EXPERIENCE OF AUTHORITY IN EARLY
MODERN ENGLAND
Tim Harris
POPULAR CULTURE IN ENGLAND,c. 1500–1850
Roy Porter and Marie Mulvey Roberts
PLEASURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
D. Power and N. Standen
FRONTIERS IN QUESTION:EURASIAN BORDERLANDS,
700–1700
R.W. Scribner and Trevor Johnson
POPULAR RELIGION IN GERMANY AND
CENTRAL EUROPE,1400–1800
Themes in Focus Series
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Reinterpreting
Revolution in
Twentieth-Century
Europe
Edited by
MOIRA DONALD & TIM REES
Introduction and editorial matter ©Moira Donald and Tim Rees;
Chapter 2 ©Pamela Pilbeam; Chapter 3 ©Moira Donald; Chapter 4 ©
Edward Acton; Chapter 5 ©Catherine Merridale; Chapter 6 ©Jeremy Noakes;
Chapter 7 ©Tim Rees; Chapter 8 ©Jonathan Osmond;
Chapter 9 ©Richard Sakwa; Chapter 10 ©Krishan Kumar 2001.
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Contents
Acknowledgements vi
1 The Dynamics and Meaning of Revolution in
Twentieth-Century Europe 1
TIM REES with MOIRA DONALD
2 Chasing Rainbows:the Nineteenth-Century
Revolutionary Legacy 19
PAMELA PILBEAM
3 Russia 1905:the Forgotten Revolution 41
MOIRA DONALD
4 The Parting of Ways:Comparing the Russian Revolutions
of 1917 and 1991 55
EDWARD ACTON
5 Stalin’s Great Turn:a Revolution without Footsoldiers? 73
CATHERINE MERRIDALE
6 The Nazi Revolution 90
JEREMY NOAKES
7 Battleground of the Revolutionaries:the Republic
and the Civil War in Spain,1931–39 113
TIM REES
8 Yet Another Failed German Revolution? The German
Democratic Republic,1989–90 140
JONATHAN OSMOND
9 The Age of Paradox:the Anti-revolutionary Revolutions
of 1989–91 159
RICHARD SAKWA
10 The Revolutionary Idea in the Twentieth-Century World 177
KRISHAN KUMAR
Notes and References 198
Notes on Contributors 229
Index 231
v
Acknowledgements
First and foremost the editors wish to thank the contributors to this book
for taking part and for their patience during the process. We are also very
grateful to those colleagues at Exeter who attended the series of papers
that were the origins of many of the articles in this collection and who
offered their comments and support. Finally we want to thank the histo-
ry editors and staff at the publishers for their efforts in producing the
book.
vi
1. The Dynamics and Meaning
of Revolution in
Twentieth-Century Europe
TIM REES withMOIRA DONALD
The aim of this volume of essays is to examine political revolution in
Europe during the twentieth century. The term ‘revolution’ has been
widely applied to developments in areas as diverse as communications,
information technology, medicine, science and travel, and indeed revo-
lutions in these areas have arguably been of great significance in shap-
ing European societies last century,but it is politics that is the focus of
this present work. Nothing else has raised quite the same passions, or
had the same significance, as the struggle to make fundamental and
enforced changes to systems of government and the societies in which
they are based. We have also limited our discussion to Europe, not
because we feel that the revolutionary experiences in East Asia or Latin
America,for example,are not significant,but because the global impor-
tance of political revolution necessitates some narrowing of scope.
Despite confining the analysis of revolution to the European continent,
we have still had to be selective for the purposes of a book of this
length. Nevertheless, several of the chapters give some sense of the
extra-European dimension to revolution and the final piece in the
book is wholly devoted to an analysis of European revolutions in a
world context.
In inviting contributions to this book we were concerned to reflect the
diversity of political revolution. One way in which this has been done is
by taking an interdisciplinary approach with authors drawn from the
specialisms of history,political science and sociology. We aimed to give
the authors as much freedom as possible in choosing the terms within
which to explore the subject of revolution. One might also add here
thatrevolution is a term open to multiple definitions,giving rise to huge
1
2 Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-Century Europe
discussions and a voluminous literature. Accordingly,our greatest desire
was for this book to reflect as many facets and meanings of revolution
as possible. At the same time,to try and avoid over-eclecticism we did
suggest a few guidelines. Firstly,we asked that authors should not pro-
vide just a blow-by-blow account of a revolution or revolutions,but that
they should consider the broader anatomy of revolutionary political
change. What makes a revolution; in what circumstances do revolutions
arise? Is it necessary for them to exhibit certain common features? What
are revolutions about; what are the motivations and ideas that inspire
and guide the participants? What makes for the success or failure of rev-
olution? Secondly,we suggested that the meaning of revolution should
play some part in the analysis provided in each essay. To what extent is
revolution ultimately elusive and uncontrollable? As John Dunn wrote in
the early 1970s:
Revolution,like the doors of the Temple of Janus,has two faces. One
is an elegant, abstract and humanitarian face, an idyllic face, the
dream of revolution.… The other is crude,violent and very concrete,
rather nightmarish.…1
Is revolution always driven forward on a tide of optimism,carrying with
it great hopes for change and a better future? Is the outcome of revolu-
tion always a far cry from the original aims of the revolutionaries and
must some degree of disillusionment always result? To a greater or
lesser degree,all the contributors have addressed these questions as well
as raising many others of their own. The result is that,while each essay
stands in its own right,there are a number of themes running through the
book on which the authors express different,even opposed,views.
The structure of the book and the subject matter of the essays also
reflect this broad approach. Later on in this introduction we outline and
discuss the main features of political revolution,referring to the existing
literature on the subject, and also drawing together and commenting
upon the main themes to be found within this volume. Two overviews
taking a particular perspective on revolution provide the opening and
closing contributions, the first on the legacy of the nineteenth century
for the twentieth and the last placing twentieth-century Europe in a
global context of revolution. Between these two is a series of case stud-
ies of radical political change. Some examine examples that are con-
ventionally considered as revolutionary, such as Russia in 1917 and
Eastern Europe in 1989–91. Others reconsider episodes that are only
partially recognised as revolutionary, or which tend to be overlooked,
Revolution in Twentieth-Century Europe 3
such as Russia in 1905 and the Spanish Civil War. Finally, there are
essays that analyse experiences which are not consistently labelled as
revolutionary,including Stalin’s great turn and Nazism. The intention is
to take a fresh look at the apparently familiar, to rediscover the forgot-
ten,and to test the boundaries of what revolution had been last century.
But why a new book about revolution in twentieth-century Europe?
One simple answer is that the end of the century provides the perfect
opportunity to re-examine many of the important concepts that have
helped us understand and define political change. And there is no doubt
that ‘revolution’ has played a key part in the way politics in modern
Europe has been analysed. Perhaps only wars have rivalled the attention
and importance given to revolutions in defining the main periods of
European political development and in outlining their characteristics.2
However,an artificial sense of centennial retrospect means little in itself,
and it begs the more difficult question of whether the European revolu-
tions of last century are really important enough to justify a volume to
themselves. That our answer to this is ‘yes’is the real justification for
this book at this time. Indeed,the notion that it is only now possible to
re-evaluate the meaning of revolution during last century, and even to
think of it as perhaps the century of revolution, was uppermost in our
thinking when we launched this project. It also forms one of the themes,
either explicitly or implicitly,to all the essays in the volume.
The assertion that revolution has been of considerable importance is
one that requires some further elaboration. In order to appreciate why
there might be some doubt about it, one has first to acknowledge the
powerful role played by two revolutionary experiences in providing key
paradigms and crucial watersheds defining, but also limiting, our ideas
about revolution:those of 1789 in France and of 1917 in Russia. These
are the ‘classical’and undisputed examples of revolution in the modern
era. The period between them has often been seen as defining a great
‘age of revolution’. As Pamela Pilbeam shows in her chapter,the ‘long’
nineteenth century witnessed outbreaks of revolution in 1789,1848 and
1871 which defined many of the models of revolution with which we are
familiar. At the same time, the Russian revolutions of 1917 have often
been seen as both the last of this,predominantly French,cycle of revo-
lutions and also a final,definitive revolution itself.3The Bolsheviks self-
consciously proclaimed themselves as the architects of the only real rev-
olution since the French Revolution. Although both the exclusive claim
to revolution and the revolutionary nature of the Russian experience
have always been questioned, it is impossible to deny the profound
effect that it has had as a model of revolution.