Reinforced concrete design of tall building

1024 Pages·2009·33.01 MB·English

Reinforced
Concrete
Design of
Tall Buildings

Reinforced
Concrete
Design of
Tall Buildings
Bungale S. Taranath, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Taranath, Bungale S.
Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings / by Bungale S. Taranath.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-0480-3 (alk. paper)
1. Reinforced concrete construction. 2. Tall buildings--Design and construction. 3. Tall
buildings--Design and construction--Case studies. I. Title.
TH1501.T37 2010
691’.3--dc22 2009024350
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This book is dedicated to my wife
SAROJA
Without whose patience and devotion, this book would not be.

Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................xxi
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................xlvii
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................li
ICC Foreword ....................................................................................................................................lv
Preface.............................................................................................................................................lvii
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................lxi
A Special Acknowledgment ..........................................................................................................lxiii
Author .............................................................................................................................................lxv
Chapter 1 Design Concept ............................................................................................................1
1.1 Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete.............................................................1
1.1.1 Confi ned Concrete ................................................................................1
1.1.2 Ductility................................................................................................4
1.1.3 Hysteresis .............................................................................................5
1.1.4 Redundancy ..........................................................................................6
1.1.5 Detailing ...............................................................................................6
1.2 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Elements ......................................................7
1.2.1 Tension .................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Compression .........................................................................................7
1.2.3 Bending ................................................................................................8
1.2.3.1 Thumb Rules for Beam Design ............................................8
1.2.4 Shear ...................................................................................................14
1.2.5 Sliding Shear (Shear Friction) ............................................................18
1.2.6 Punching Shear ..................................................................................21
1.2.7 Torsion ................................................................................................22
1.2.7.1 Elemental Torsion ...............................................................22
1.2.7.2 Overall Building Torsion ....................................................25
1.3 External Loads ................................................................................................26
1.3.1 Earthquakes Loads .............................................................................26
1.3.2 Wind Loads ........................................................................................27
1.3.2.1 Extreme Wind Conditions ..................................................29
1.3.3 Explosion Effects ................................................................................31
1.3.4 Floods .................................................................................................32
1.3.5 Vehicle Impact Loads .........................................................................32
1.4 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems ......................................................................32
1.4.1 Shear Walls .........................................................................................33
1.4.2 Coupled Shear Walls ..........................................................................36
1.4.3 Moment-Resistant Frames ..................................................................37
1.4.4 Dual Systems ......................................................................................38
1.4.5 Diaphragm ..........................................................................................38
1.4.6 Strength and Serviceability ................................................................39
1.4.7 Self-Straining Forces ..........................................................................40
1.4.8 Abnormal Loads .................................................................................40
vii
viii Contents
1.5 Collapse Patterns .............................................................................................40
1.5.1 Earthquake Collapse Patterns ............................................................41
1.5.1.1 Unintended Addition of Stiffness .......................................41
1.5.1.2 Inadequate Beam–Column Joint Strength ..........................42
1.5.1.3 Tension/Compression Failures ............................................42
1.5.1.4 Wall-to-Roof Interconnection Failure ................................43
1.5.1.5 Local Column Failure .........................................................43
1.5.1.6 Heavy Floor Collapse .........................................................44
1.5.1.7 Torsion Effects ....................................................................44
1.5.1.8 Soft First-Story Collapse ....................................................45
1.5.1.9 Midstory Collapse ...............................................................45
1.5.1.10 Pounding .............................................................................45
1.5.1.11 P-Δ Effect ............................................................................45
1.5.2 Collapse due to Wind Storms .............................................................47
1.5.3 Explosion Effects ................................................................................47
1.5.4 Progressive Collapse ..........................................................................47
1.5.4.1 Design Alternatives for Reducing Progressive
Collapse ..............................................................................49
1.5.4.2 Guidelines for Achieving Structural Integrity ....................49
1.5.5 Blast Protection of Buildings: The New SEI Standard ......................50
1.6 Buckling of a Tall Building under Its Own Weight .........................................50
1.6.1 Circular Building ................................................................................51
1.6.1.1 Building Characteristics .....................................................52
1.6.2 Rectangular Building .........................................................................53
1.6.2.1 Building Characteristics .....................................................53
1.6.3 Comments on Stability Analysis ........................................................53
Chapter 2 Gravity Systems .........................................................................................................55
2.1 Formwork Considerations ...............................................................................55
2.1.1 Design Repetition ...............................................................................58
2.1.2 Dimensional Standards ......................................................................58
2.1.3 Dimensional Consistency ...................................................................59
2.1.4 Horizontal Design Techniques ...........................................................60
2.1.5 Vertical Design Strategy ....................................................................63
2.2 Floor Systems ..................................................................................................65
2.2.1 Flat Plates ...........................................................................................65
2.2.2 Flat Slabs ............................................................................................65
2.2.2.1 Column Capitals and Drop Panels ......................................66
2.2.2.2 Comments on Two-Way Slab Systems ...............................67
2.2.3 Waffl e Systems ...................................................................................67
2.2.4 One-Way Concrete Ribbed Slabs .......................................................67
2.2.5 Skip Joist System ................................................................................67
2.2.6 Band Beam System ............................................................................68
2.2.7 Haunch Girder and Joist System ........................................................70
2.2.8 Beam and Slab System .......................................................................73
2.3 Design Methods ...............................................................................................73
2.3.1 One-Way and Two-Way Slab Subassemblies .....................................73
2.3.2 Direct Design Method for Two-Way Systems ....................................74
2.3.3 Equivalent Frame Method ..................................................................75
Contents ix
2.3.4 Yield-Line Method .............................................................................77
2.3.4.1 Design Example: One-Way Simply Supported Slab ...........78
2.3.4.2 Yield-Line Analysis of a Simply Supported
Square Slab .........................................................................81
2.3.4.3 Skewed Yield Lines ............................................................82
2.3.4.4 Limitations of Yield-Line Method ......................................83
2.3.5 Deep Beams .......................................................................................83
2.3.6 Strut-and-Tie Method .........................................................................85
2.4 One-Way Slab, T-Beams, and Two-Way Slabs: Hand Calculations ................92
2.4.1 One-Way Slab; Analysis by ACI 318-05 Provisions ..........................92
2.4.2 T-Beam Design ...................................................................................97
2.4.2.1 Design for Flexure ..............................................................97
2.4.2.2 Design for Shear ...............................................................100
2.4.3 Two-Way Slabs .................................................................................103
2.4.3.1 Two-Way Slab Design Example ........................................106
2.5 Prestressed Concrete Systems .......................................................................108
2.5.1 Prestressing Methods .......................................................................111
2.5.2 Materials ...........................................................................................111
2.5.2.1 Posttensioning Steel ..........................................................111
2.5.2.2 Concrete ............................................................................112
2.5.3 PT Design .........................................................................................113
2.5.3.1 Gravity Systems ................................................................113
2.5.3.2 Design Thumb Rules ........................................................115
2.5.3.3 Building Examples ...........................................................118
2.5.4 Cracking Problems in Posttensioned Floors ....................................120
2.5.5 Cutting of Prestressed Tendons ........................................................121
2.5.6 Concept of Secondary Moments ......................................................123
2.5.6.1 Secondary Moment Design Examples ..............................124
2.5.7 Strength Design for Flexure .............................................................133
2.5.7.1 Strength Design Examples ................................................134
2.5.8 Economics of Posttensioning ...........................................................142
2.5.9 Posttensioned Floor Systems in High-Rise Buildings .....................143
2.5.9.1 Transfer Girder Example ..................................................144
2.5.10 Preliminary Design of PT Floor Systems; Hand Calculations ........146
2.5.10.1 Preview .............................................................................146
2.5.10.2 Simple Span Beam ............................................................149
2.5.10.3 Continuous Spans .............................................................152
2.5.11 Typical Posttensioning Details .........................................................172
2.6 Foundations ...................................................................................................172
2.6.1 Pile Foundations ...............................................................................178
2.6.2 Mat Foundations ...............................................................................179
2.6.2.1 General Considerations .....................................................179
2.6.2.2 Analysis ............................................................................182
2.6.2.3 Mat for a 25-Story Building .............................................183
2.6.2.4 Mat for an 85-Story Building ...........................................185
2.7 Guidelines for Thinking on Your Feet ..........................................................187
2.8 Unit Quantities ...............................................................................................187
2.8.1 Unit Quantity of Reinforcement in Columns ...................................188
2.8.2 Unit Quantity of Reinforcement and Concrete in Floor
Framing Systems ..............................................................................197