Friday, March 26, 2010 Book 2 of 2 Books Pages 14669–15320 Part II Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program; Final Rule S2 E UL R with D O R P B1 Y S0 H9 K S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 17:00 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 14670 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION assessments consider the full lifecycle documents in the docket are listed in AGENCY emission impacts of fuel production the http://www.regulations.gov Web from both direct and indirect emissions, site. Although listed in the index, some 40 CFR Part 80 including significant emissions from information is not publicly available, land use changes. In carrying out our e.g., confidential business information [EPA–HQ–OAR–2005–0161; FRL–9112–3] lifecycle analysis we have taken steps to (CBI) or other information whose RIN 2060–A081 ensure that the lifecycle estimates are disclosure is restricted by statute. based on the latest and most up-to-date Certain other material, such as Regulation of Fuels and Fuel science. The lifecycle greenhouse gas copyrighted material, is not placed on Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel assessments reflected in this rulemaking the Internet and will be publicly Standard Program represent significant improvements in available only in hard copy form. AGENCY: Environmental Protection analysis based on information and data Publicly available docket materials are Agency (EPA). received since the proposal. However, available either electronically through ACTION: Final rule. we also recognize that lifecycle GHG http://www.regulations.gov or in hard assessment of biofuels is an evolving copy at the Air and Radiation Docket SUMMARY: Under the Clean Air Act discipline and will continue to revisit and Information Center, EPA/DC, EPA Section 211(o), as amended by the our lifecycle analyses in the future as West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Energy Independence and Security Act new information becomes available. Ave., NW., Washington, DC. The Public of 2007 (EISA), the Environmental EPA plans to ask the National Academy Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to Protection Agency is required to of Sciences for assistance as we move 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, promulgate regulations implementing forward. Based on current analyses we excluding legal holidays. The telephone changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard have determined that ethanol from corn number for the Public Reading Room is program. The revised statutory starch will be able to comply with the (202) 566–1744, and the telephone requirements specify the volumes of required greenhouse gas (GHG) number for the Air Docket is (202) 566– cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, threshold for renewable fuel. Similarly, 1742. advanced biofuel, and total renewable biodiesel can be produced to comply fuel that must be used in transportation FORFURTHERINFORMATIONCONTACT: Julia with the 50% threshold for biomass- fuel. This action finalizes the MacAllister, Office of Transportation based diesel, sugarcane with the 50% regulations that implement the and Air Quality, Assessment and threshold for advanced biofuel and requirements of EISA, including the Standards Division, Environmental multiple cellulosic-based fuels with cellulosic, biomass-based diesel, Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood their 60% threshold. Additional fuel advanced biofuel, and renewable fuel Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; Telephone pathways have also been determined to standards that will apply to all gasoline number: 734–214–4131; Fax number: comply with their thresholds. The and diesel produced or imported in 734–214–4816; E-mail address: assessment for this rulemaking also 2010. The final regulations make a [email protected], or indicates the increased use of renewable number of changes to the current Assessment and Standards Division fuels will have important Renewable Fuel Standard program Hotline; telephone number (734) 214– environmental, energy and economic while retaining many elements of the 4636; E-mail address [email protected]. impacts for our Nation. cino mplpalciea.n Tceh iasn fdin tarla druinleg aslyssot eimm pallermeaednyt s DATES: This final rule is effective on July SUPPLEMENTARYINFORMATION: the revised statutory definitions and 1, 2010, and the percentage standards General Information criteria, most notably the new apply to all gasoline and diesel I. Does This Final Rule Apply to Me? greenhouse gas emission thresholds for produced or imported in 2010. The renewable fuels and new limits on incorporation by reference of certain Entities potentially affected by this renewable biomass feedstocks. This publications listed in the rule is final rule are those involved with the rulemaking marks the first time that approved by the Director of the Federal production, distribution, and sale of greenhouse gas emission performance is Register as of July 1, 2010. transportation fuels, including gasoline being applied in a regulatory context for ADDRESSES: EPA has established a and diesel fuel or renewable fuels such a nationwide program. As mandated by docket for this action under Docket ID as ethanol and biodiesel. Regulated the statute, our greenhouse gas emission No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2005–0161. All categories include: Category NAICS1codes SIC2codes Examples of potentially regulated entities Industry .................................................................. 324110 2911 Petroleum Refineries. Industry .................................................................. 325193 2869 Ethyl alcohol manufacturing. Industry .................................................................. 325199 2869 Other basic organic chemical manufacturing. Industry .................................................................. 424690 5169 Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers. Industry .................................................................. 424710 5171 Petroleum bulk stations and terminals. Industry .................................................................. 424720 5172 Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers. Industry .................................................................. 454319 5989 Other fuel dealers 1North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system code. S2 E UL R with This table is not intended to be now aware could potentially be regulated by this final action, you D exhaustive, but rather provides a guide regulated by this final action. Other should carefully examine the O PR for readers regarding entities likely to be types of entities not listed in the table applicability criteria in 40 CFR part 80. B1 Y regulated by this final action. This table could also be regulated. To determine If you have any questions regarding the S0 H9 lists the types of entities that EPA is whether your activities would be applicability of this final action to a K S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations 14671 particular entity, consult the person i. Recordkeeping and Reporting for 2. EPA Cellulosic Biofuel Waiver Credits listed in the preceding section. Feedstocks for Cellulosic Biofuel ii. Approaches for Foreign Producers of 3. Application of Cellulosic Biofuel Waiver Outline of This Preamble Renewable Fuel Credits (1) RIN-Generating importers J. Changes to Recordkeeping and Reporting I. Executive Summary (2) RIN-Generating foreign producers Requirements A. Summary of New Provisions of the RFS iii. Aggregate Compliance Approach for 1. Recordkeeping Program Planted Crops and Crop Residue From 2. Reporting 1. Required Volumes of Renewable Fuel Agricultural Land 3. Additional Requirements for Producers 2. Standards for 2010 and Effective Date for (1) Analysis of Total Agricultural Land in of Renewable Natural Gas, Electricity, New Requirements 2007 and Propane a. 2010 Standards (2) Aggregate Agricultural Land Trends 4. Attest Engagements b. Effective Date Over Time K. Production Outlook Reports 3. Analysis of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas (3) Aggregate Compliance Determination L. What Acts Are Prohibited and Who Is Emissions and Thresholds for Renewable d. Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Liable for Violations? Fuels (MSW) III. Other Program Changes a. Background and Conclusions C. Expanded Registration Process for A. The EPA Moderated Transaction System b. Fuel Pathways Considered and Key Producers and Importers (EMTS) Model Updates Since the Proposal 1. Domestic Renewable Fuel Producers 1. Need for the EPA Moderated Transaction c. Consideration of Fuel Pathways Not Yet 2. Foreign Renewable Fuel Producers System Modeled 3. Renewable Fuel Importers 2. Implementation of the EPA Moderated 4. Compliance with Renewable Biomass 4. Process and Timing Transaction System Provision D. Generation of RINs 3. How EMTS Will Work 5. EPA-Moderated Transaction System 1. Equivalence Values 4. A Sample EMTS Transaction 6. Other Changes to the RFS Program 2. Fuel Pathways and Assignment of D B. Upward Delegation of RIN-Separating B. Impacts of Increasing Volume Codes Responsibilities Requirements in the RFS2 Program a. Producers C. Small Producer Exemption II. Description of the Regulatory Provisions b. Importers D. 20% Rollover Cap A. Renewable Identification Numbers c. Additional Provisions for Foreign E. Small Refinery and Small Refiner (RINs) Producers Flexibilities B. New Eligibility Requirements for 3. Facilities With Multiple Applicable 1. Background—RFS1 Renewable Fuels Pathways a. Small Refinery Exemption 1. Changes in Renewable Fuel Definitions a. Renewable Fuel 4. Facilities That Co-Process Renewable b. Small Refiner Exemption b. Advanced Biofuel Biomass and Fossil Fuels 2. Statutory Options for Extending Relief c. Cellulosic Biofuel 5. Facilities That Process Municipal Solid 3. The DOE Study/DOE Study Results d. Biomass-Based Diesel Waste 4. Ability To Grant Relief Beyond 211(o)(9) e. Additional Renewable Fuel 6. RINless Biofuel 5. Congress-Requested Revised DOE Study f. Cellulosic Diesel E. Applicable Standards 6. What We’re Finalizing 2. Lifecycle GHG Thresholds 1. Calculation of Standards a. Small Refinery and Small Refiner 3. Renewable Fuel Exempt From 20 a. How Are the Standards Calculated? Temporary Exemptions Percent GHG Threshold b. Standards for 2010 b. Case-by-Case Hardship for Small a. General Background of the Exemption 2. Treatment of Biomass-Based Diesel in Refineries and Small Refiners Requirement 2009 and 2010 c. Program Review b. Definition of Commenced Construction a. Shift in 2009 Biomass-Based Diesel 7. Other Flexibilities Considered for Small c. Definition of Facility Boundary Compliance Demonstration to 2010 Refiners d. Proposed Approaches and Consideration b. Treatment of Deficit Carryovers, RIN a. Extensions of the RFS1 Temporary of Comments Rollover, and RIN Valid Life For Exemption for Small Refiners i. Comments on the Proposed Basic Adjusted 2010 Biomass-Based Diesel b. Phase-in Approach Requirement c. RIN-Related Flexibilities ii. Comments on the Expiration of 3. Future Standards F. Retail Dispenser Labeling for Gasoline Grandfathered Status F. Fuels That Are Subject to the Standards With Greater Than 10 Percent Ethanol e. Final Grandfathering Provisions 1. Gasoline G. Biodiesel Temperature Standardization i. Increases in Volume of Renewable Fuel 2. Diesel IV. Renewable Fuel Production and Use Produced at Grandfathered Facilities Due 3. Other Transportation Fuels A. Overview of Renewable Fuel Volumes to Expansion G. Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) 1. Reference Cases ii. Replacements of Equipment 1. Designation of Obligated Parties 2. Primary Control Case iii. Registration, Recordkeeping and 2. Determination of RVOs Corresponding to a. Cellulosic Biofuel Reporting the Four Standards b. Biomass-Based Diesel 4. New Renewable Biomass Definition and 3. RINs Eligible To Meet Each RVO c. Other Advanced Biofuel Land Restrictions 4. Treatment of RFS1 RINs Under RFS2 d. Other Renewable Fuel a. Definitions of Terms a. Use of RFS1 RINs To Meet Standards 3. Additional Control Cases Considered i. Planted Crops and Crop Residue Under RFS2 B. Renewable Fuel Production ii. Planted Trees and Tree Residue b. Deficit Carryovers From the RFS1 1. Corn/Starch Ethanol iii. Slash and Pre-Commercial Thinnings Program to RFS2 a. Historic/Current Production iv. Biomass Obtained From Certain Areas H. Separation of RINs b. Forecasted Production Under RFS2 at Risk From Wildfire 1. Nonroad 2. Imported Ethanol v. Algae 2. Heating Oil and Jet Fuel 3. Cellulosic Biofuel b. Implementation of Renewable Biomass 3. Exporters a. Current State of the Industry ES2 Requirements 4. Requirement to Transfer RINs With b. Setting the 2010 Cellulosic Biofuel RUL i. Ensuring That RINs Are Generated Only Volume Standard with For Fuels Made From Renewable 5. Neat Renewable Fuel and Renewable c. Current Production Outlook for 2011 and OD Biomass Fuel Blends Designated as Beyond PR ii. Whether RINs Must Be Generated For Transportation Fuel, Heating Oil, or Jet d. Feedstock Availability YB1 All Qualifying Renewable Fuel Fuel i. Urban Waste H9S0 c. Implementation Approaches for I. Treatment of Cellulosic Biofuel ii. Agricultural and Forestry Residues SK Domestic Renewable Fuel 1. Cellulosic Biofuel Standard iii. Dedicated Energy Crops D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 14672 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations iv. Summary of Cellulosic Feedstocks for 2. Ozone 7. International Impacts 2022 a. Current Levels B. Energy Security Impacts 4. Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel b. Projected Levels Without RFS2 Volumes 1. Implications of Reduced Petroleum Use a. Historic and Projected Production c. Projected Levels With RFS2 Volumes on U.S. Imports i. Biodiesel 3. Air Toxics 2. Energy Security Implications ii. Renewable Diesel a. Current Levels a. Effect of Oil Use on Long-Run Oil Price, b. Feedstock Availability b. Projected Levels U.S. Import Costs, and Economic Output C. Biofuel Distribution i. Acetaldehyde b. Short-Run Disruption Premium From 1. Biofuel Shipment to Petroleum ii. Formaldehyde Expected Costs of Sudden Supply Terminals iii. Ethanol Disruptions 2. Petroleum Terminal Accommodations iv. Benzene c. Costs of Existing U.S. Energy Security 3. Potential Need for Special Blendstocks v. 1,3-Butadiene Policies at Petroleum Terminals for E85 vi. Acrolein 3. Combining Energy Security and Other 4. Need for Additional E85 Retail Facilities vii. Population Metrics Benefits D. Ethanol Consumption 4. Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition 4. Total Energy Security Benefits 1. Historic/Current Ethanol Consumption a. Current Levels C. Benefits of Reducing GHG Emissions 2. Increased Ethanol Use Under RFS2 b. Projected Levels 1. Introduction a. Projected Gasoline Energy Demand E. Health Effects of Criteria and Air Toxics 2. Derivation of Interim Social Cost of b. Projected Growth in Flexible Fuel Pollutants Carbon Values Vehicles 1. Particulate Matter 3. Application of Interim SCC Estimates to c. Projected Growth in E85 Access a. Background GHG Emissions Reductions d. Required Increase in E85 Refueling Rates b. Health Effects of PM D. Criteria Pollutant Health and e. Market Pricing of E85 Versus Gasoline 2. Ozone Environmental Impacts 3. Consideration of >10% Ethanol Blends a. Background 1. Overview V. Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas b. Health Effects of Ozone 2. Quantified Human Health Impacts Emissions 3. NOXand SOX 3. Monetized Impacts A. Introduction a. Background 4. What Are the Limitations of the Health 1. Open and Science-Based Approach to b. Health Effects of NOX Impacts Analysis? EPA’s Analysis c. Health Effects of SOX E. Summary of Costs and Benefits 2. Addressing Uncertainty 4. Carbon Monoxide IX. Impacts on Water B. Methodology 5. Air Toxics A. Background 1. Scope of Analysis a. Acetaldehyde 1. Agriculture and Water Quality a. Inclusion of Indirect Land Use Change b. Acrolein 2. Ecological Impacts b. Models Used c. Benzene 3. Impacts to the Gulf of Mexico c. Scenarios Modeled d. 1,3-Butadiene B. Upper Mississippi River Basin Analysis 2. Biofuel Modeling Framework & e. Ethanol 1. SWAT Model Methodology for Lifecycle Analysis f. Formaldehyde 2. AEO 2007 Reference Case Components g. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) 3. Reference Cases and RFS2 Control Case a. Feedstock Production h. Naphthalene 4. Case Study i. Domestic Agricultural Sector Impacts i. Other Air Toxics 5. Sensitivity Analysis ii. International Agricultural Sector F. Environmental Effects of Criteria and Air Impacts Toxic Pollutants C. Additional Water Issues b. Land Use Change 1. Visibility 1. Chesapeake Bay Watershed i. Amount of Land Area Converted and 2. Atmospheric Deposition 2. Ethanol Production and Distribution Where 3. Plant and Ecosystem Effects of Ozone a. Production ii. Type of Land Converted 4. Environmental Effects of Air Toxics b. Distillers Grain With Solubles iii. GHG Emissions Associated With VII. Impacts on Cost of Renewable Fuels, c. Ethanol Leaks and Spills From Fueling Conversion Gasoline, and Diesel Stations (1) Domestic Emissions A. Renewable Fuel Production Costs 3. Biodiesel Plants (2) International Emissions 1. Ethanol Production Costs 4. Water Quantity iv. Timeframe of Emission Analysis a. Corn Ethanol 5. Drinking Water v. GTAP and Other Models b. Cellulosic Ethanol X. Public Participation c. Feedstock Transport i. Feedstock Costs XI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews d. Biofuel Processing ii. Production Costs for Cellulosic Biofuels A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory e. Fuel Transportation c. Imported Sugarcane Ethanol Planning and Review f. Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions 2. Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel B. Paperwork Reduction Act 3. Petroleum Baseline Production Costs C. Regulatory Flexibility Act C. Threshold Determination and a. Biodiesel 1. Overview Assignment of Pathways b. Renewable Diesel 2. Background D. Total GHG Reductions B. Biofuel Distribution Costs 3. Summary of Potentially Affected Small E. Effects of GHG Emission Reductions and 1. Ethanol Distribution Costs Entities Changes in Global Temperature and Sea 2. Cellulosic Distillate and Renewable 4. Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Level Diesel Distribution Costs Compliance VI. How Would the Proposal Impact Criteria 3. Biodiesel Distribution Costs 5. Related Federal Rules and Toxic Pollutant Emissions and Their C. Reduced U.S. Refining Demand 6. Steps Taken To Minimize the Significant Associated Effects? D. Total Estimated Cost Impacts Economic Impact on Small Entities A. Overview of Impacts 1. Refinery Modeling Methodology a. Significant Panel Findings B. Fuel Production & Distribution Impacts 2. Overall Impact on Fuel Cost b. Outreach With Small Entities (and the ES2 of the Proposed Program VIII. Economic Impacts and Benefits Panel Process) RUL C. Vehicle and Equipment Emission A. Agricultural and Forestry Impacts c. Panel Recommendations, Proposed with Impacts of Fuel Program 1. Biofuel Volumes Modeled Provisions, and Provisions Being OD D. Air Quality Impacts 2. Commodity Price Changes Finalized PR 1. Particulate Matter 3. Impacts on U.S. Farm Income i. Delay in Standards YB1 a. Current Levels 4. Commodity Use Changes ii. Phase-in H9S0 b. Projected Levels Without RFS2 Volumes 5. U.S. Land Use Changes iii. RIN-Related Flexibilities SK c. Projected Levels With RFS2 Volumes 6. Impact on U.S. Food Prices iv. Program Review D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations 14673 v. Extensions of the Temporary Exemption biofuel mandate to 16 billion gallons by A. Summary of New Provisions of the Based on a Study of Small Refinery 2022, representing the bulk of the RFS Program Impacts increase in the renewable fuels vi. Extensions of the Temporary Exemption Today’s notice establishes new mandate. Based on Disproportionate Economic regulatory requirements for the RFS Hardship EPA’s proposed rule sought comment program that will be implemented 7. Conclusions on a multitude of issues, ranging from through a new subpart M to 40 CFR part D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act how to interpret the new definitions for 80. EPA is maintaining several elements E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism renewable biomass to the Agency’s of the RFS1 program such as regulations F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation proposed methodology for conducting governing the generation, transfer, and and Coordination With Indian Tribal the greenhouse gas lifecycle assessments Governments use of Renewable Identification required by EISA. The decisions G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Numbers (RINs). At the same time, we Children From Environmental Health presented in this final rule are heavily are making a number of updates to Risks and Safety Risks informed by the many public comments reflect the changes brought about by H. Executive Order 13211: Actions we received on the proposed rule. In EISA Concerning Regulations That addition, and as with the proposal, we Significantly Affect Energy Supply, sought input from a wide variety of 1. Required Volumes of Renewable Fuel Distribution, or Use stakeholders. The Agency has had I. National Technology Transfer The RFS program is intended to multiple meetings and discussions with Advancement Act require a minimum volume of renewable fuel producers, technology J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions renewable fuel to be used each year in to Address Environmental Justice in companies, petroleum refiners and the transportation sector. In response to Minority Populations and Low-Income importers, agricultural associations, EPAct 2005, under RFS1 the required Populations lifecycle experts, environmental groups, volume was 4.0 billion gallons in 2006, K. Congressional Review Act vehicle manufacturers, states, gasoline ramping up to 7.5 billion gallons by XII. Statutory Provisions and Legal Authority and petroleum marketers, pipeline 2012. Starting in 2013, the program also I. Executive Summary owners and fuel terminal operators. We required that the total volume of also have worked closely with other Through this final rule, the U.S. renewable fuel contain at least 250 Federal agencies and in particular with Environmental Protection Agency is million gallons of fuel derived from the Departments of Energy and revising the National Renewable Fuel cellulosic biomass. Agriculture. Standard program to implement the In response to EISA, today’s action requirements of the Energy This section provides an executive makes four primary changes to the Independence and Security Act of 2007 summary of the final RFS2 program volume requirements of the RFS (EISA). EISA made significant changes requirements that EPA is implementing program. First, it substantially increases to both the structure and the magnitude as a result of EISA. The RFS2 program the required volumes and extends the of the renewable fuel program created will replace the RFS1 program timeframe over which the volumes ramp by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 promulgated on May 1, 2007 (72 FR up through at least 2022. Second, it (EPAct). The EISA fuel program, 23900).1Details of the final divides the total renewable fuel hereafter referred to as RFS2, mandates requirements can be found in Sections requirement into four separate the use of 36 billion gallons of II and III, with certain lifecycle aspects categories, each with its own volume renewable fuel by 2022—a nearly five- detailed in Section V. requirement. Third, it requires, with fold increase over the highest volume This section also provides a summary certain exceptions applicable to existing specified by EPAct. EISA also of EPA’s assessment of the facilities, that each of these mandated established four separate categories of environmental and economic impacts of volumes of renewable fuels achieve renewable fuels, each with a separate the use of higher renewable fuel certain minimum thresholds of GHG volume mandate and each with a volumes. Details of these analyses can emission performance. Fourth, it specific lifecycle greenhouse gas be found in Sections IV through IX and requires that all renewable fuel be made emission threshold. The categories are in the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). from feedstocks that meet the new renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, definition of renewable biomass biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic 1To meet the requirements of EPAct, EPA had including certain land use restrictions. biofuel. There is a notable increase in previously adopted a limited program that applied The volume requirements in EISA are the mandate for cellulosic biofuels in only to calendar year 2006. The RFS1 program shown in Table I.A.1–1. refers to the general program adopted in the May particular. EISA increased the cellulosic 2007 rulemaking. BILLING CODE 6560–50–P S2 E UL R with D O R P B1 Y S0 H9 K S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 14674 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations S2 E UL R with D O R P B1 S0Y BILLING CODE 6560–50–C DSKH9 GPH> mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 ER26MR10.414</ Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations 14675 As shown in the table, the volume and are moving forward. As discussed standards represent the fraction of a requirements are not exclusive, and in Section IV.B.3, the timing for many refiner’s or importer’s gasoline and generally result in nested requirements. of the projects indicates that while few diesel volume which must be renewable Any renewable fuel that meets the will be able to provide commercial fuel. Additional discussion of the 2010 requirement for cellulosic biofuel or volumes for 2010, an increasing number standards can be found in Section biomass-based diesel is also valid for will come on line in 2011, 2012, and II.E.1.b. meeting the advanced biofuel 2013. The success of these projects is requirement. Likewise, any renewable then expected to accelerate growth of TABLE I.A.2–1—STANDARDS FOR fuel that meets the requirement for the cellulosic biofuel industry out into 2010 advanced biofuel is also valid for the future. EIA provided us with a meeting the total renewable fuel projection on October 29, 2009 of 5.04 Cellulosic biofuel....................... 0.004% requirement. See Section V.C for further million gallons (6.5 million ethanol- Biomass-based diesel .............. 1.10% discussion of which specific types of equivalent gallons) of cellulosic biofuel Advanced biofuel ...................... 0.61% fuel may qualify for the four categories production for 2010. While our Renewable fuel ......................... 8.25% shown in Table I.A.1–1. company-by-company assessment varies from EIA’s, as described in Section b. Effective Date 2. Standards for 2010 and Effective Date IV.B.3., and actual cellulosic production for New Requirements Under CAA section 211(o) as volume during 2010 will be a function modified by EISA, EPA is required to While EISA established the renewable of developments over the course of revise the RFS1 regulations within one fuel volumes shown in Table I.A.1–1, it 2010, we nevertheless believe that 5 year of enactment, or December 19, also requires that the Administrator set million gallons (6.5 million ethanol 2008. Promulgation by this date would the standards based on these volumes equivalent) represents a reasonable, yet have been consistent with the revised each November for the following year achievable level for the cellulosic volume requirements shown in Table based in part on information provided standard for 2010. While this is lower I.A.1–1 that begin in 2009 for certain from the Energy Information Agency than the level specified in EISA, no categories of renewable fuel. As (EIA). In the case of the cellulosic change to the advanced biofuel and total described in the NPRM, we were not biofuel standard, section 211(o)(7)(D) of renewable fuel standards is warranted. able to promulgate final RFS2 program EISA specifically requires that the With the inclusion of an energy-based requirements by December 19, 2008. standard be set based on the volume Equivalence Value for biodiesel and Under today’s rule, the transition projected to be available during the renewable diesel, 2010 compliance with from using the RFS1 regulatory following year. If the volume is lower the biomass-based diesel standard will provisions regarding registration, RIN than the level shown in Table I.A.1–1, be more than enough to ensure generation, reporting, and then EISA allows the Administrator to compliance with the advanced biofuel recordkeeping to using comparable also lower the advanced biofuel and standard for 2010. provisions in this RFS2 rule will occur total renewable fuel standards each year Today’s rule also includes special on July 1, 2010. This is the start of the accordingly. Given the implications of provisions to account for the 2009 these standards and the necessary biomass-based diesel volume 1st quarter following completion of the judgment that can’t be reduced to a requirements in EISA. As described in statutorily required 60-day formula akin to the RFS1 regulations, the NPRM, in November 2008 we used Congressional Review period for such a we believe it is appropriate to set the the new total renewable fuel volume of rulemaking as this. This will provide standards through a notice-and- 11.1 billion gallons from EISA as the adequate lead time for all parties to comment rulemaking process. Thus, for basis for the 2009 total renewable fuel transition to the new regulatory future standards, we intend to issue an standard that we issued under the RFS1 requirements, including additional time NPRM by summer and a final rule by regulations.2While this approach to prepare for RFS2 implementation for November 30 of each year in order to ensured that the total mandated those entities who may find it helpful, determine the appropriate standards renewable fuel volume required by EISA especially those covered by the RFS applicable in the following year. for 2009 was used, the RFS1 regulatory program for the first time. In addition, However, in the case of the 2010 structure did not provide a mechanism making the transition at the end of the standards, we are finalizing them as part for implementing the 0.5 billion gallon quarter will help simplify the of today’s action. requirement for biomass-based diesel recordkeeping and reporting transition nor the 0.6 billion gallon requirement to RFS2. To facilitate the volume a. 2010 Standards for advanced biofuel. As we proposed, obligations being based on the full While we proposed that the cellulosic and as is described in more detail in year’s gasoline and diesel production, biofuel standard would be set at the Section II.E.2, we are addressing this and to enable the smooth transition EISA-specified level of 100 million issue in today’s rule by combining the from the RFS1 to RFS2 regulatory gallons for 2010, based on analysis of 2010 biomass-based diesel requirement provisions, Renewable Identification information available at this time, we no of 0.65 billion gallons with the 2009 Numbers (RINs—which are used in the longer believe the full volume can be biomass based diesel requirement of 0.5 program for both credit trading and for met. Since the proposal, we have had billion gallons to require that obligated compliance demonstration) that were detailed discussions with over 30 parties meet a combined 2009/2010 generated under the RFS1 regulations companies that are in the business of requirement of 1.15 billion gallons by will continue to be valid for compliance S2 developing cellulosic biofuels and the end of the 2010 compliance year. No with the RFS2 obligations. Further ULE cellulosic biofuel technology. Based on similar provisions are required in order discussion of transition issues can be D with R tmhaensey doifs tchues spiroonjes,c tws et hhaatv see rfovuedn da st hthate tvoo lfuumlfiell m thaen d20at0e9. advanced biofuel froeuspnedc tiinv eSleyc.t ions II.A and II.G.4, RO basis for the proposal have been put on The resulting 2010 standards are According to EISA, the renewable fuel P B1 hold, delayed, or scaled back. At the shown in Table I.A.2–1. These obligations applicable under RFS2 Y S0 same time, there have been a number of apply on a calendar basis. That is, H9 SK additional projects that have developed 273 FR 70643, November 21, 2008 obligated parties must determine their D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 14676 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations renewable volume obligations (RVOs) at volumes for three of the volume obligation. The proposed rule called for the end of a calendar year based on the mandates are met for 2010. In effect EPA obligated parties to meet the full volume volume of gasoline or diesel fuel they would be requiring that obligated mandates for all four volume mandates, produce during the year, and they must parties use enough cellulosic biofuel, and to base their volume obligation on demonstrate compliance with their biomass-based diesel, and advanced the volume of gasoline and diesel RVOs in an annual report that is due biofuel to meet approximately 75% of produced starting January 1, 2010. two months after the end of the calendar the total volumes required for these While the RFS2 regulations are not year. fuels under EISA. While the total effective until after January 1, 2010, the For 2010, today’s rule will follow this volume mandate under EISA for same full year approach is being taken same general approach. The four RFS2 renewable fuel would likely be met, the for the 2010 volumes of gasoline and RVOs for each obligated party will be other three volumes mandates would diesel. Obligated parties have been on calculated on the basis of all gasoline only be met in part. The final option notice based on EPA’s proposal, and diesel produced or imported on and would involve delaying the RFS2 discussions with many stakeholders after January 1, 2010, through December requirements until January 1, 2011, during the rulemaking, the issuance of 31, 2010. Obligated parties will be which would avoid the complexity of the final rule itself, and publication of required to demonstrate by February 28 the second approach, but would be even this rule in the Federal Register. As of 2011 that they obtained sufficient less consistent with EISA’s discussed above, there is adequate time RINs to satisfy their 2010 RVOs. We requirements. for obligated parties to meet their 2010 believe this is an appropriate approach The approach adopted in this rule is volume obligations by the spring of as it is more consistent with Congress’ clearly the most consistent with EISA’s 2011. provisions in EISA for 2010, and there requirement of four different volume This approach does not impose any is adequate lead time for the obligated mandates for all of calendar year 2010. retroactive requirements. The obligation parties to achieve compliance. In addition, EPA is confident that that is imposed under the RFS2 The issue for EPA to resolve is how obligated parties have adequate lead- regulations is forward looking—by the to apply the four volume mandates time to comply with the four volume spring of 2011, when compliance is under EISA for calendar year 2010. requirements under the approach determined, obligated parties must These volume mandates are translated adopted in this rule. The volume satisfy certain volume obligations. into applicable percentages that requirements are achieved by obtaining These future requirements are obligated parties then use to determine the appropriate number of RINs from calculated in part based on volumes of their renewable fuel volume obligations producers of the renewable fuel. The gasoline and diesel produced prior to based on the gasoline and diesel they obligated parties do not need lead time the effective date of the RFS2 produce or import in 2010. There are for construction or investment purposes, regulations, but this does not make the three basic approaches that EPA has as they are not changing the way they RFS2 requirement retroactive in nature. considered, based on comments on the produce gasoline or diesel, do not need The RFS2 regulations do not change in proposal. The first is the approach to design to install new equipment, or any way the legal obligations or adopted in this rule—the four RFS2 take other actions that require longer requirements that apply prior to the applicable percentages are determined lead time. Obtaining the appropriate effective date of the RFS2 regulations. based on the four volume mandates amount of RINs involves contractual or Instead, the RFS2 requirements impose covered by this rule, and the renewable other arrangements with renewable fuel new requirements that must be met in volume obligation for a refiner or producers or other holders of RINs. the future. There is adequate lead time importer will be determined by Obligated parties now have experience to comply with these RFS2 applying these percentages to the implementing RFS1, and the actions requirements, and they achieve a result volume of gasoline and diesel fuel they needed to comply under the RFS2 that is more consistent with Congress’ produce during calendar year 2010. regulations are a continuation of these goals in establishing 4 volume mandates Under this approach, there is no kinds of RFS1 activities. In addition, an for calendar year 2010, and for these separate applicable percentage under adequate supply of RINs is expected to reasons EPA is adopting this approach RFS1 for 2010, however RINs generated be available for compliance by obligated for calendar year 2010. in 2009 and 2010 under RFS1 can be parties. RFS1 RINs have been produced Parties that intend to generate RINs, used to meet the four volume throughout 2009 and continue to be own and/or transfer them, or use them obligations for 2010 under the RFS2 produced since the beginning of 2010. for compliance purposes after July 1, regulations. Another option, which was There has been and will be no gap or lag 2010 will need to register or re-register considered and rejected by EPA, is in the production of RINS, as the RFS1 under the RFS2 provisions and modify much more complicated—(1) determine regulations continue in effect and their information technology (IT) an RFS1 applicable percentage based on require that renewable fuel producers systems to accommodate the changes we just the total renewable fuel volume generate RINs for the renewable fuel are finalizing today. As described more mandate, using the same total volume they produce. These 2009 and 2010 fully in Section II, these changes for renewable fuel as used in the first RFS1 RINs will be available and can be include redefining the D code within approach, and require obligated parties used towards the volume requirements the RIN that identifies which standard to apply that percentage to the gasoline of obligated parties for 2010. These a fuel qualifies for, adding a process for produced from January 1, 2010 until the RFS1 RINS combined with the RFS2 verifying that feedstocks meet the effective date of the RFS2 regulations, RINs that will be generated by renewable biomass definition, and S2 and (2) determine the four RFS2 renewable fuel producers are expected calculating compliance with four ULE applicable percentages as discussed to provide an adequate supply of RINs standards instead of one. EPA’s D with R aabpopvlye ,t hbuemt r etoq uoinrely o tbhleig gaatesodl ipnaer taiensd t o troe neenwsuarbel ec ovmolpulmiaen mcea fnodra atlels o. fF tohre f urther rpeagritsitersa ttoio cno smypstleemte itsh aev raeigliasbtrlea tnioonw for RO diesel in 2010 after the effective date of discussion of the expected supply of process. Further details on this process P B1 the RFS2 regulations. Of greater concern renewable fuel, see section IV. can be found elsewhere in today’s Y S0 than its complexity, the second In addition, obligated parties have preamble as well as at http:// H9 K approach fails to ensure that the total received adequate notice of this www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/ S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations 14677 fuelsregistration.htm. Parties that corn starch at a new facility (or recommendations for subsequent produce motor vehicle, nonroad, expanded capacity from an existing) lifecycle GHG assessments on this locomotive, and marine (MVNRLM) using natural gas, biomass or biogas for subject. At this time we are estimating diesel fuel but not gasoline will be process energy and using advanced this review by the National Academy of newly obligated parties and may be efficient technologies that we expect Sciences may take up to two years. As establishing IT systems for the RFS will be most typical of new production specified by EISA, if EPA revises the program for the first time. facilities will meet the 20% GHG analytical methodology for determining emission reduction threshold compared lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, any 3. Analysis of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas to the 2005 baseline gasoline. We are such revision will apply to renewable Emissions and Thresholds for also determining that biobutanol from fuel from new facilities that commence Renewable Fuels corn starch meets the 20% threshold. construction after the effective date of a. Background and Conclusions Similarly, EPA is making the the revision. A significant aspect of the RFS2 determination that biodiesel and b. Fuel Pathways Considered and Key program is the requirement that the renewable diesel from soy oil or waste Model Updates Since the Proposal lifecycle GHG emissions of a qualifying oils, fats and greases will exceed the renewable fuel must be less than the 50% GHG threshold for biomass-based EPA is making the GHG threshold lifecycle GHG emissions of the 2005 diesel compared to the 2005 petroleum determination based on a methodology baseline average gasoline or diesel fuel diesel baseline. In addition, we have that includes an analysis of the full that it replaces; four different levels of now modeled biodiesel and renewable lifecycle, including significant reductions are required for the four diesel produced from algal oils as emissions related to international land- different renewable fuel standards. complying with the 50% threshold for use change. As described in more detail These lifecycle performance biomass-based diesel. EPA is also below and in Section V of this improvement thresholds are listed in determining that ethanol from sugarcane preamble, EPA has used the best Table I.A.3–1. Compliance with each complies with the applicable 50% GHG available models for this purpose, and threshold requires a comprehensive reduction threshold for advanced has incorporated many modifications to evaluation of renewable fuels, as well as biofuels. The modeled pathways its proposed approach based on the baseline for gasoline and diesel, on (feedstock and production technology) comments from the public and peer the basis of their lifecycle emissions. As for cellulosic ethanol and cellulosic reviewers and developing science. EPA mandated by EISA, the greenhouse gas diesel would also comply with the 60% has also quantified the uncertainty emissions assessments must evaluate GHG reduction threshold applicable to associated with significant components the aggregate quantity of greenhouse gas cellulosic biofuels. As discussed later in of its analyses, including important section V, there are also other fuels and emissions (including direct emissions factors affecting GHG emissions fuel pathways that we are determining and significant indirect emissions such associated with international land use will comply with the GHG thresholds. as significant emissions form land use change. As discussed below, EPA has Under EISA, EPA is allowed to adjust changes) related to the full lifecycle, updated and refined its modeling the GHG reduction thresholds including all stages of fuel and approach since proposal in several downward by up to 10% if necessary feedstock production, distribution and important ways, and EPA is confident based on lifecycle GHG assessment of use by the ultimate consumer. that its modeling of GHG emissions biofuels likely to be available. Based on associated with international land use is the results summarized above, we are TABLE I.A.3–1—LIFECYCLE GHG comprehensive and provides a not finalizing any adjustments to the THRESHOLDS SPECIFIED IN EISA reasonable and scientifically robust lifecycle GHG thresholds for the four basis for making the threshold [Percent Reduction from Baseline] renewable fuel standard categories. determinations described above. As EPA recognizes that as the state of discussed below, EPA plans to continue Renewable fuela....................... 20 scientific knowledge continues to Advanced biofuel ...................... 50 evolve in this area, the lifecycle GHG to improve upon its analyses, and will Biomass-based diesel .............. 50 assessments for a variety of fuel update it in the future as appropriate. Cellulosic biofuel....................... 60 pathways are likely to be updated. Through technical outreach, the peer aThe 20% criterion generally applies to re- Therefore, while EPA is using its review process, and the public comment newable fuel from new facilities that com- current lifecycle assessments to inform period, EPA received and reviewed a menced construction after December 19, the regulatory determinations for fuel significant amount of data, studies, and 2007. pathways in this final rule, as required information on our proposed lifecycle It is important to recognize that fuel by the statute, the Agency is also analysis approach. We incorporated a from the existing capacity of current committing to further reassess these number of new, updated, and peer- facilities and the capacity of all new determinations and lifecycle estimates. reviewed data sources in our final facilities that commenced construction As part of this ongoing effort, we will rulemaking analysis including better prior to December 19, 2007 (and in some ask for the expert advice of the National satellite data for tracking land use cases prior to December 31, 2009) are Academy of Sciences, as well as other changes and improved assessments of exempt, or grandfathered, from the 20% experts, and incorporate their advice N2O impacts from agriculture. The new lifecycle requirement for the Renewable and any updated information we receive and updated data sources are discussed Fuel category. Therefore, EPA has in the into a new assessment of the lifecycle further in this section, and in more S2 discussion below emphasized its GHG emissions performance of the detail in Section V. ULE analysis on those plants and fuels that biofuels being evaluated in this final We also performed dozens of new D with R awriet hli ktheely r utole b aen uds ewdo fuolrd c boem spulbiajenccte t o rAuclaed. EemPAy owfi Sllc rieeqnuceesst e tvhaaltu tahtee Nthaet ional manodd seelinnsgit rivuintys, aunnacleyrsteasi nwtyh iacnha alyrese s, RO the lifecycle thresholds. Based on the approach taken in this rule, the leading to greater confidence in our P B1 analyses and approach described in underlying science of lifecycle results. We have updated our analyses Y S0 Section V of this preamble, EPA is assessment, and in particular indirect in conjunction with, and based on, H9 K determining that ethanol produced from land use change, and make advice from experts from government, S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2 14678 Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 58/Friday, March 26, 2010/Rules and Regulations academia, industry, and not for profit concluded that this was an impacts associate with their use in institutions. improvement over the previous GREET biofuel production are largely the result The new studies, data, and analysis release that was used in the proposal of energy required to produce the performed for the final rulemaking analysis (Version 1.8B). Therefore, EPA feedstock (in the case of algal oil) and impacted the lifecycle GHG results for updated the GHG emission factors for the energy required to turn that biofuels in a number of different ways. fertilizer production used in our feedstock into a biofuel. In some cases, updates caused the analysis to the values from the new Sugarcane Ethanol: Sugarcane modeled analysis of lifecycle GHG GREET version. This had the result of ethanol was analyzed considering a emissions from biofuels to increase, slightly increasing the GHG emissions range of technologies and assuming while other updates caused the modeled associated with fertilizer production alternative pathways for dehydrating the emissions to be reduced. Overall, the and thus slightly increasing the GHG ethanol prior to its use as a biofuel in revisions since our proposed rule have emission impacts of domestic the U.S. For the final rule, our analysis led to a reduction in modeled lifecycle agriculture. also shows less overall indirect land use GHG emissions as compared to the For the final rule, EPA has analyzed change (less land needed) associated values in the proposal. The following a variety of corn ethanol pathways with sugarcane ethanol production. For highlights the most significant revisions. including ethanol made from corn the proposal, we assumed sugarcane Section V details all of the changes starch using natural gas, coal, and expansion in Brazil would result in made and their relative impacts on the biomass as process energy sources in cropland expansion into grassland and results. production facilities utilizing both dry lost pasture being replaced through Corn Ethanol: The final rule analysis mill and wet mill processes. For corn deforestation. Based on newly available found less overall indirect land use starch ethanol, we also considered the regional specific data from Brazil, change (less land needed), thereby technology enhancements likely to historic trends, and higher resolution improving the lifecycle GHG occur in the future such as the addition satellite data, in the final rule, sugarcane performance of corn ethanol. The main of corn oil fractionation or extraction expansion onto grassland is coupled reasons for this decrease are: technology, membrane separation with greater pasture intensification, • Based on new studies that show the technology, combined heat and power such that there is less projected impact rate of improvement in crop yields as a and raw starch hydrolysis. on forests. Furthermore, new data function of price, crop yields are now Biobutanol from corn starch: In provided by commenters showed modeled to increase in response to addition to ethanol from corn starch, for reduced sugarcane ethanol process higher crop prices. When higher crop this final rule, we have also analyzed energy, which also reduced the yields are used in the models, less land bio-butanol from corn starch. Since the estimated lifecycle GHG impact of is needed domestically and globally for feedstock impacts are the same as for sugarcane ethanol production. crops as biofuels expand. ethanol from corn starch, the assessment Cellulosic Ethanol: We analyzed • New research available since the for biobutanol reflects the differing cellulosic ethanol production using both proposal indicates that the corn ethanol impacts due to the production process biochemical (enzymatic) and thermo- production co-product, distillers grains and energy content of biobutanol chemical processes with corn stover, and solubles (DGS), is more efficient as compared to that of ethanol. switchgrass, and forestry thinnings and an animal feed (meaning less corn is Soybean Biodiesel: The new waste as feedstocks. For cellulosic needed for animal feed) than we had information described above for corn diesel, we analyzed production using assumed in the proposal. Therefore, in ethanol also leads to lower modeled the Fischer-Tropsch process. For the our analyses for the final rule, domestic GHG impacts associated with soybean final rule, we updated the cellulosic corn exports are not impacted as much biodiesel. The revised assessment ethanol conversion rates based on new by increased biofuel production as they predicts less overall indirect land use data provided by the National were in the proposal analysis. change (less land needed) and less Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL.) • Improved satellite data allowed us impact from the land use changed that As a result of this update, the gallons to more finely assess the types of land does occur (due to updates in types of per ton yields for switchgrass and converted when international land use converted land assumed). In addition, several other feedstock sources changes occur, and this more precise the latest IPCC guidance indicates increased in our analysis for the final assessment led to a lowering of modeled reduced domestic soybean N2O rule, while the predicted yields from GHG impacts. Based on previous emissions, and updated USDA and corn residue and several other feedstock satellite data, the proposal assumed industry data show reductions in sources decreased slightly from the cropland expansion onto grassland biodiesel processing energy use and a NPRM values. In addition, we also would require an amount of pasture to higher co-product credit, all of which updated our feedstock production yields be replaced through deforestation. For further reduced the modeled soybean based on new work conducted by the the final rulemaking analysis we biodiesel lifecycle GHG emissions. This Pacific Northwest National Laboratory incorporated improved economic has resulted in a significant (PNNL). This analysis increased the tons modeling of demand for pasture area improvement in our assessment of the per acre yields for several dedicated and satellite data which indicates that lifecycle performance of soybean energy crops. These updates increased pasture is also likely to expand onto biodiesel as compared to the estimate in the amount of cellulosic ethanol existing grasslands. This reduced the the proposal. projected to come from energy crops. GHG emissions associated with an Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel from While the increase in crop yields and S2 amount of land use change. Algal Oil and Waste Fats and Greases: conversion efficiency reduced the GHG ULE However, we note that not all In addition to biodiesel from soy oil, emissions associated with cellulosic D with R mproeddeiclitnedg uGpHdGa teems nisescioesnssa frriolym r eladnudc euds e baligoadli eosile l( sahnodu rlden iet wreaabclhe cdoiemseml efrrcoimal edtehmananold, tfhore rlea nredm toa ignrso wan d iendcirceaatseedd RO change. As one example, since the production) and biodiesel from waste energy crops; this land use impact P B1 proposal a new version of the GREET oils, fats and greases have been resulted in increased GHG emissions Y S0 model (Version 1.8C) has been released. modeled. These feedstock sources have with the net result varying by the type H9 K EPA reviewed the new version and little or no land use impact so the GHG of cellulosic feedstock source. S D mstockstill on VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:03 Mar 25, 2010 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\26MRR2.SGM 26MRR2
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