Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe PDF
Preview Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe
Regulating Religion Case Studiesfrom Around the Globe CRITICAL ISSUES INSOCIAL JUSTICE Series Editor: MelvinLerner, University ofWaterloo, Waterloo,Ontario, Canada AdvisoryEditors: RonaldC.Dillehay,Grant SawyerCenterforJustice Studies, University ofNevada, Reno, Nevada LeoMontada, University ofTrier,Trier, Germany Recentvolumesinthisseries: CURRENT SOCIETALCONCERNS ABOUTJUSTICE Leo MontadaandMelvin1.Lerner ENTITLEMENT ANDTHEAFFECTIONAL BOND Justice inCloseRelationships EditedbyMelvinJ.LernerandGerold Mikula THE JUSTICEMOTIVEASAPERSONAL RESOURCE Dealing withChallenges andCritical LifeEvents Claudia Dalbert THE JUSTICEMOTIVEINSOCIAL BEHAVIOR MelvinJ.LernerandSallyC.Lerner LEGACY OFINJUSTICE: Exploring theCross-Generational ImpactoftheJapanese-American Internment Donna K.Nagata LIVING ANDDYINGWELL Lewis Petrinovich NEWDIRECTIONSINTHESTUDY OFJUSTICE School ofJusticeStudies REGULATINGRELIGION Case StudiesfromAroundtheGlobe Edited byJamesT.Richardson RESPONSES TOVICTIMIZATIONSANDBELIEFINAJUSTWORLD Edited byLeoMontadaandMelvin1.Lerner SOCIAL JUSTICEINHUMANRELATIONS VolumeI:SocietalandPsychological OriginsofJustice Edited byRielVermuntandHerman Steensma Volume2:SocietalandPsychologicalConsequencesofJusticeandInjustice Edited byHermanSteensmaandRielVermunt VALUES,ACHIEVEMENT,ANDJUSTICE Studies inthePsychologyofDeservingness NormanT.Feather AContinuationOrderPlanisavailable forthisseries.Acontinuationorderwillbringdeliveryofeachnew volume immediatelyuponpublication. Volumesarcbilledonlyuponactualshipment.Forfurtherinformation pleasecontactthepublisher. Regulating Religion Case Studies from Around the Globe Edited by James T. Richardson University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regulating religion: case studies from around the glohe/edited by lames T. Richardson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-306-47887-1 ISBN 978-1-4419-9094-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9094-5 1. Religion aud state-Case studies. 2. Religion and law-Case studies. 1. Richardson, lames T., 1941- BL65.s8R53 2004 322'.1-dc22 2003060\64 © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2004 http://www.wkap.nl/ 10987654321 A c.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress AII rights reserved No part of this book may he reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanieal, photocopying, mierofilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exceplion of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe: [email protected]/ Penrussions for books puhlished in the United States of America: [email protected] Contributors WolfD.Aires,UniversitiesofBielefeld,PaderbornandKassel,Gutersloh,Germany DickAnthony,PrivatePractice,ForensicPsychology,Richmond,California JamesA.Beckford,DepartmentofSociology,UniversityofWarwick,UnitedKingdom GaryBouma,OfficeoftheDeputyVice-Chancellor,ResearchandDevelopment,Monash University,Melbourne.Australia PaulineCote,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,UniversityofLaval,Quebec,Canada TadeuszDoktor,ReligiousDenominationsandNationalitiesSection,WarsawUniversity, Warsaw,Poland CyrillDuvert,LawFaculty,UniversityofParis,ParisFrance Bryan Edleman, Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Study,University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada WillyFautre,HumanRightsWithoutFrontiersInternational,Brussels,Belgium RogerFinke,Department ofSociology,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark, Pennsylvania Alejandro Frigerio,FacultaddeCienciasSociales yEcon6micas,UniversidadCat6lica Argentina,BuenosAires,Argentina Carlos Garma Navarro, Departemento de Antropologfa, Univerisdad Autonoma MetropolitanaIztapalapa,Iztapalapa,Mexico Reuel R. Hanks, Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma v vi Contributors MichaelHill,SchoolofSocialandCulturalStudies,VictoriaUniversity,Wellington,New Zealand MichaelW.Homer,Attorney-at-Law,SaltLakeCity,Utah MassimoIntrovigne,CenterforStudiesonNewReligions,Torino,Italy Agnieszka Ko_cia-ska, Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, Warsaw University,WarsawPoland GalinaKrylova,Attorney,Moscow,Russia NathalieLuca,Centre NationaldelaRecherche Scientifique-Centred'EtudesInterdisci plinairesdesFaitsReligieux,Paris,France LubomirMilller,Attorney-at-Law,Prague,CzechRepublic BadrinathRao,DepartmentofLiberal Studies,KetteringUniversity,Flint,Michigan JamesT.Richardson,Director,Grant Sawyer Center forJustice Studies,MailStop311, UniversityofNevada,Reno,Nevada89557.email:[email protected] ThomasRobbins,Independent Scholar, Rochester,Minnesota MikaelRothstein,DepartmentofHistoryofReligions,UniversityofCopenhagen,Copen hagen, Denmark BalazsSchanda,ConstitutionalCourt oftheRepublicofHungary,Budapest, Hungary HubertSeiwert,InstituteofReligiousStudies,LeipzigUniversity,Leipzig,Germany MaratShterin,LondonSchoolofEconomics,London,UnitedKingdom RichardSingelenberg,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,theNetherlands DavidT.Stewart,SouthwesternSeminary, Georgetown,Texas JeanSwantko,Attorney,TwelveTribesCommunities,Chattanooga,Tennessee MaryWhiteStewart,DepartmentofSociology,UniversityofNevada,Reno,Nevada JohnWybraniec,Sheriff'sDepartment,Roscommon,Michigan HilarioWynaczyk,UniversidadNacionaldeGeneralSanMartin,BuenosAires,Argentina SinisaZrinscak,FacultyofLaw and DepartmentofSocialWork,UniversityofZagreb, 10000Zagreb,Croatia Preface Religion and religious groups and move motivated citizens attempting to influence mentsareimportant toanymodem society, what happens intheir society.Thiscollec theanti-clericalideas oftheEnlightenment tion of papers from around the globe at notwithstanding. Sociologists as varied in temptstoshedsome light ofthe extremely theirtheoreticalandphilosophicalperspec interestingandimportantinteraetionofreli tivesasEmileDurkheim,Max Weber,and gionandgovernments. KarlMarxwouldallagree thatthereligious This volume is the result of several variablemustbetakenintoaccountifoneis years of work,gathering information ona to understand human aetivities.Incontem number of research trips to various parts porarytimestheinteractionofgovernments of the world. During sabbatical leaves to andreligiousorganizationsandmovements Australiaand New Zealand,and thenlater hasbecomeatopicofmajorinteresttoschol to Europe, as well as through other visits arsandpolieymakers. tovariouscountries forconferences,Ihave Modem secular states are sometimes learned much about how religion is regu threatenedbyfundamentalistmovementsof lated indifferent partsofthe world.Ihave variouskinds,andsuchmovementshaveim also met and conversed with a number of pacted current events to a tremendous de scholarsdoing researeh similartomyown gree. Within the United States and some abouthowreligiousgroups,especiallycon other countries, fundamentalist Christian troversialnewreligiousmovements(NRMs) groupshaveexertedenormousinfluence in and other minority faiths, are treated by recent decades,forcingattentionto thepo governmental bodies.Many of the best of litical agendas of such movements. The thoseinternational scholarsare represented CatholicChurchhasplayedamajorrolein in this volume, which is an effort to in the overthrow of communism only to see formotherscholarsandpolicymakersabout its own status threatened in some former themanyandvariedwaysthat smallerreli communistcountries,especiallyRussia,by giousgroupsaremanaged bygovernments a resurgentOrthodoxChurch.Islamic fun throughouttheworld.* damentalists have taken over governments ofsome countries, and the threat of more •Tenofthepapersincludedareupdatedversionsof takeovers motivates major crackdowns on papers first appearing ina special issueof Social suchgroupsinothersocieties.Separationof JusticeResearch Ieditedonthe topic"Justiceand churchandstateseemsalmostanantiquated NewReligiousMovements"(12(41,1999).Fouroth concept in the modem world, as govern ersarereprintedfromothersources,andeighteenare originalcontributionsbynotedscholarsandpracti mentsofallkindsgrapplewithreligiously tionerswhowereinvited(0participateinthisproject. vii viii Preface Asreaders willnote, theregulation of amajorroleinsucheffortsaswell,asshown religious groups issometimesquite subtle, inanumberofthechapters.Butothertimes but is occasionally quite overt, as social governmentalbodiesrefrainfromusingmi control is exerted over religious groups norityfaithsasscapegoatsorwhippingboys, and movements that differ from mainline andthemediaaremoresubduedinthetreat religions.Some dominant religious groups mentofminorityfaithsandthepromotionof exerciseconsiderablepowerwithintheirre national churches. Assisting inunderstand spectivesocieties,andmakestrongeffortsto ingthese vastlydifferent responses tocon stiflecompetitionwithin thereligious mar troversialandsmallerreligiousbodiesisthe ketplace.Sometimestheseeffortsatcontrol majortaskofthisvolume,whichapproaches areaidedbygovernmentalentities promot the area of study using a blend of impor ing nationalistic themes or seeking politi tantideasfromthesociology oflawandthe caladvantage.The massmediaoften plays sociologyofreligion. Acknowledgments Thisvolumecouldnothavebeencompleted Borowik, Miklos Tomka, Galina Krylova, without the generous support of my home Lome Dawson, David Stewart, and Bryan university,theUniversityofNevada,Reno, Edelman. Essentialclerical assistance was whichgrantedmesabbaticalstodevelopthis provided by the Grant Sawyer Center for and related projects. The volume was ac Justice Studies at the University and by tually begun while I was a Fellow at the theSociologyDepartmentaswell.Rebecca RockefellerCenteratBellagio,LakeComo Thomas,JulieRich,andDeniseSchaar-Buis inNovember,200I,asojournforwhichIan deserve special thanks in this regard. verygrateful.Iamalsogratefulforthecon At Kluwer, Teresa Krauss and Herman tinuingconversationontheissuesofthisvol Makler havebeensupportiveeditorialstaff ume withsuchfriendsand fellow scholars withwhomtowork,andtheirpatienceand asJamesBeckford,EileenBarker,Massimo helpfulnesshavebeenappreciated.Lastbut Introvigne,Gordon Melton,Tom Robbins, not least, Ithank my patient wife Cynthia Dick Anthony, David Bromley, Anson forhersupportasIpursuedthisproject. Shupe,DerekDavis,MaratShterin,Pauline Cote, Hubert Seiwert, Willy Fautre, Irena JAMEST.RICHARDSON ix Contents 1. RegulatingReligion:ASociologicaland Historical Introduction . JamesT. Richardson I. SPECIALPROBLEMAREASINWESTERN EUROPE 23 2. 'Laicite,' 'Dystopia,'and theReactiontoNewReligious MovementsinFrance . ... .. ... .. . .. .. ... . . . . ... . .. . 27 JamesA.Beckford 3. Anti-CultismintheFrenchParliament:DesperateLastStand or anOpportuneLeapForward?ACriticalAnalysisofthe12June 2001Act .. .. .. . .. ..... ... .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .... 41 Cyrille Duvert 4. IsThereaUniqueFrench PolicyofCults? AEuropean Perspective . .. .. . .. ..... ... . .. .. .. ... . . . .. . .. .. .. 53 NathalieLuca S. HolyMountainsand Anti-Cult Ecology:The Campaignagainst the AumistReligioninFrance .. .. .. . .. ... . . .. . . ... ... 73 Massimo lntrovigne 6. The German Enquete Commissionon Sects: Political Conflicts and Compromises .. . ..... ... . ... . .. .. .. . . .. . ... .. . 85 HubertSeiwert 7. Germany's Islamic Minority: SomeRemarks onHistorical and LegalDevelopments .. ... .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. ... 103 Wo(fAires xi
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