Regional Review on Status and Trends in Aquaculture Development in North America

100 Pages·2011·0.74 MB·English

UC San Diego
Extension Publications
Title
Regional Review on Status and Trends in Aquaculture Development in North America:
Canada and the United States of America — 2010
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1946b7nm
ISBN
978-92-5-106895-3
Authors
Olin, Paul G.
Smith, James
Nabi, Rashed
Publication Date
2012-01-13
eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library
University of California
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1061/2 FIRA/C1061/2 (En)
ISSN 2070-6065
REGIONAL REVIEW ON STATUS AND TRENDS IN AQUACULTURE
DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH AMERICA: CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA — 2010
Cover: Cage farming in Canada.Photo courtesy of Marine
Harvest. J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, S. Borghesi and P. Olin.

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FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1061/2 FIRA/C1061/2 (En)
Regional Review on Status and Trends in Aquaculture Development in North
America: Canada and the United States of America — 2010

by

Paul G. Olin
California Sea Grant
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California San Diego
United States of America

James Smith
Aquaculture Management Directorate
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Canada

Rashed Nabi
Aquaculture Management Directorate
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Canada

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
ROME, 2011
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iii

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

The present Regional Review on Status and Trends in Aquaculture Development in North America
was prepared as a collaborative effort of FAO’s Aquaculture Service (FIRA) and Paul Olin,
James Smith and Rashed Nabi. The document was compiled and edited by Paul Olin.
The authors greatly appreciate the contributions by the following experts: Ruth Salmon, Executive
Director, Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance; Sherry Sadler, Project Manager, Canadian
Aquaculture Industry Alliance; Angela Bexten, Assistant Director, Global Fisheries and Marine
Governance Bureau, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; and Gloria Falk, Team Leader, Aquaculture
Management Directorate, Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Additional contributions were provided by FAO colleagues, in particular José Aguilar-Manjarrez of
FAO’s Aquaculture Service (FIRA) and Devin Bartley, Marine and Inland Fisheries Service (FIRF).
Xiaowei Zhou from FAO’s Statistics and Information Service (FIPS) prepared the FAO aquaculture
statistics presented in this review. Danielle Rizcallah and Lei Chen (FIRA) assisted in the completion
of the final layout and formatting to standard FAO editorial guidelines.
iv

Olin, P., Smith, J. and Nabi, R.
Regional Review on Status and Trends in Aquaculture Development in North America – 2010
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1061/2. Rome, FAO. 2011. 84 pp.

ABSTRACT

The aquaculture industry in North America produced 644 213 tonnes of product in 2008 with an
estimated value of US$1.6 billion. This represents an annual percentage increase over the previous
decade of 1.8 percent by volume and 4.5 percent in value. The finfish industry is at the forefront of the
aquaculture sector, led by production of Atlantic salmon in Canada and channel catfish in the United
States of America.
There is potential for significant increases in North American production and both the Canadian and
United States governments have projections for expansion of their aquaculture industries. Canada
estimates that by 2020 production in Canada could exceed 308 000 tonnes with a farmgate value of
US$1.6 billion. The United States Department of Commerce estimates that domestic aquaculture
production in the United States of America has the potential to increase in value from US$1 billion to
more than US$3 billion by 2025. Future significant growth in the North American aquaculture
industry will require policies and regulations that protect the environment while ensuring the
economic viability of the sector in an increasingly competitive international arena.
CONTENTS

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLES vii
FIGURES viii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE REGION 5
2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECTOR 9
2.1 Status and Trends 9
2.2 North American production and value 9
2.3 Canadian production and value 11
2.3.1 Salmon 14
2.3.2 Trout 16
2.3.3 Mussels 17
2.3.4 Oysters 17
2.4 United States of America production and value 18
2.4.1 Channel catfish 18
2.4.2 Shellfish production 19
2.5 Salient issues and success stories 22
2.6 The way forward 23
3. RESOURCES, SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES 25
3.1 Status and trends 25
3.1.1 Land and water 25
3.1.2 Seed 26
3.1.3 Biotechnology 28
3.1.4 Feed 29
3.1.5 Culture technologies 30
3.1.6 Aquatic animal health support 31
3.1.7 Capital 33
3.1.8 Insurance 34
3.2 Salient issues and success stories 35
3.3 The way forward 36
4. AQUACULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 37
4.1 Status and trends 37
4.1.1 General environmental conditions 37
4.1.2 Health management 37
4.1.3 Alien species 40
4.1.4 Integrated aquaculture 41
vi
4.1.5 User conflicts 41
4.1.6 Public perception 43
4.2 Salient issues and success stories 44
4.3 The way forward 44
5. MARKETS AND TRADE 45
5.1 Status and trends 45
5.1.1 Canadian markets and trade 45
5.1.2 United States of America markets and trade 45
5.1.3 Food safety requirements 49
5.1.4 Certification, organic aquaculture 51
5.1.5 Social organization in marketing 52
5.1.6 Potential for increased demand for aquaculture
products 52
5.2 Salient issues and success stories 52
5.3 The way forward 52
6. CONTRIBUTION OF AQUACULTURE TO FOOD SECURITY, SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 53
6.1 Status and trends 53
6.1.1 Aquaculture employment 53
6.1.2 Seafood consumption 55
6.2 Salient issues and success stories 56
6.3 The way forward 56
6.3.1 Farmers clusters 57
7. EXTERNAL PRESSURES ON THE SECTOR 59
7.1 Status and trends 59
7.1.1 Climate change 59
7.1.2 Coastal storms 59
7.1.3 Ocean acidification 59
7.1.4 Economics and fish health 60
7.2 Salient issues and success stories 61
7.3 The way forward 61
8. THE ROLE OF SHARED INFORMATION: RESEARCH, TRAINING,
EXTENSION AND NETWORKING 63
8.1 Status and trends 63
8.1.1 North American aquaculture facilities 63
8.1.2 Canadian aquaculture initiatives 64
8.1.3 United States of America National Marine Aquaculture
Initiative 65
8.1.4 Aquaculture networking 66
8.1.5 Canadian international conventions and treaties 67
8.1.6 United States of America international conventions
and treaties 67
8.1.7 Indigenous aquaculture 70
vii
8.2 Salient issues and success stories 70
8.3 The way forward 70
9. GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SECTOR 73
9.1 Status and trends 73
9.1.1 Canadian aquaculture strategy 73
9.1.2 United States of America aquaculture strategy 75
9.2 Salient issues and success stories 76
9.3 The way forward 77
10. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BANGKOK DECLARATION 79
10.1 Investing in people through education and training 79
10.2 Investing in research and development 79
10.3 Improving information flow and communication 79
10.4 Improving environmental sustainability 79
10.5 Applying innovations in aquaculture 80
10.6 Applying genetics to aquaculture 80
10.7 Applying biotechnology 80
10.8 Improving food quality and safety 80
11. REFERENCES 81
TABLES
Table 1: North American components of population growth, 2007. 6
Table 2: North American gross domestic product (GDP), growth and
employment. 7
Table 3: Salmon production tonnes by province/region. 15
Table 4: Canadian Trout production, 1997–2008. 17
Table 5: Declines in catfish farm surface area and production in the United
States of America. 19
Table 6: Different species farmed in Canada. 24
Table 7: Freshwater farming in the United States of America – area and
primary states involved, 1998–2005. 26
Table 8: Saltwater farming in the United States of America – area and primary
states involved, 1998–2005. 26
Table 9: Catfish feed utilization in the United States of America 2008, tonnes. 30
Table 10: Canadian aquaculture trade balance, US$1 000. 45
Table 11: States in the United States of America with aquaculture payroll
exceeding US$10 million in 2005. 55
Table 12: Per capita seafood consumption in Canada, kg/person. 55
Table 13: Volume and value of salmon products exported to the United States
of America by Canada and Chile. 61