Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges PDF
Preview Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges
REGIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND CONVENTIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES M. Leann Brown Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges M. Leann Brown Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges M. Leann Brown University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA ISBN 978-3-319-70532-3 ISBN 978-3-319-70533-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70533-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017957873 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover illustration: Pattern adapted from an Indian cotton print produced in the 19th century Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland C ontents 1 Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges 1 The Puzzle 2 A Word About Comparative Case Studies 3 Summaries of the Cases 6 The Thesis 8 References 10 2 Theorizing Organizational Change 13 Systemic and Other Power-Related Explanations 16 Organizational and Functional Explanations 18 Ideational and Social Understandings 21 Conclusion 26 Summary of Some Propositions Discussed in the Literature 28 References 30 3 The 1978–1991 Association of Southeast Asian Nations-Vietnam Standoff 35 ASEAN’S Formative Years and Security Efforts Before the Crisis 38 Potential Systemic and Other Power-Related Explanations 40 Organizational and Functional Explanations 42 Ideational and Social Understandings 45 Conclusion: ASEAN’s Diplomatic Response to the Vietnamese Threat 46 References 50 v vi CONTENTS 4 The 1990 Economic Community of West African States-Liberian Civil War Challenge 53 ECOWAS’ Founding and Progress Before the Crisis 55 Potential Systemic and Other Power-Related Explanations 57 Organizational and Functional Explanations 64 Ideational and Social Understandings 66 Conclusion: The ECOWAS Military Intervention in the Liberian Civil War 68 References 73 5 The 1990–1991 European Communities- Balkans Crisis 77 EC Security Efforts Before the Crisis 81 Potential Systemic Factors and Other Power-R elated Explanations 82 Organizational and Functional Explanations 85 Ideational and Social Understandings 87 Conclusion: The EC’s Diplomatic and Economic Response to the Balkans Crisis 89 References 96 6 Explaining and Understanding Regional Economic Organizations’ Response to Conventional Security Challenges 99 References 107 A A bbreviAtions And Cronyms ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPC European Political Cooperation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia OAU Organization of African Unity REO Regional economic organization SADC Southern African Development Community UK United Kingdom UN United Nations US United States WEU Western European Union vii L t ist of AbLes Table 4.1 ECOWAS Member State participation in ECOMOG 63 Table 6.1 Summary of propositions relevant to our case studies 105 ix CHAPTER 1 Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges Abstract Few dispute that security governance worldwide is insufficient. In the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, literature proliferated sug- gesting that regional organizations in cooperation with the United Nations represent the best hope for conflict amelioration. While early optimism has been tempered by the scope of security challenges and institutional capac- ity shortfalls at the global and regional levels, regional organizations have increasingly become mainstays in global security governance. This chapter asks why REOs decide to take on conventional security challenges and provides a short explication of comparative case studies methodologies, summaries of the three historical cases, and the thesis—The decision to transform the REOs from a predominantly economic organization into a conventional security actor is most influenced by decision makers’ percep- tions of threat and functional necessity. Keywords Regional economic organization • Security governance • Comparative case studies • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) • The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) • The European Communities (EC) © The Author(s) 2018 1 M.L. Brown, Regional Economic Organizations and Conventional Security Challenges, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70533-0_1 2 M.L. BROWN The Puzzle Given the level of intrastate and interstate violence currently plaguing the global arena, few dispute that security governance worldwide is insuffi- cient. Green Cowles (2007, 47) expresses it succinctly: there is “a gap between the demand for governance and the supply of governance at the international level.” In the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, litera- ture proliferated suggesting that regional organizations in cooperation with the United Nations represent the best hope for conflict amelioration around the world. Former United Nations (UN) Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali discussed this idea in terms of democratizing the international community. He believed that regional organizations’ assum- ing more responsibility will allow the UN to play a larger role in preventive diplomacy and become the instrument of last resort in conflict resolution. He averred that a multipolar world should be led by a multiplicity of insti- tutions (Rivlin 1992). While early post-Cold War optimism has been tem- pered by the scope of security challenges and institutional capacity shortfalls at the global and regional levels, regional organizations have increasingly become mainstays in global security governance. It is difficult to envision a contemporary situation where violent conflict would not elicit some form of conflict management effort by a regional organization (Tavares 2010). New relationships obtain between states and markets weakening distinctions between the public and private and between “internal” and “external/regional” security. Most conventional security threats1 now possess the potential to become transnational and regional- ized (Luckham 2007). This having been said, we would do well to recall that the tens of regional organizations are quite diverse in terms of their goals, capacity, and willingness to take on conventional security tasks.2 Why regional economic organizations (REOs) decide to take on conven- tional security roles is an important theoretical and practical concern. This study draws upon several bodies of thought to explore this ques- tion. Firstly, all organizations are given to inertia and are reticent to change unless forced to do so. Among the organizational change scholarship, the critical junctures and crisis literatures are particularly relevant to considering why and how REOs change when faced with conventional security chal- lenges. Multiple hypotheses and propositions have also been offered within the regional integration and organizations literatures to explain organiza- tional decision making and change. Attempting to bring order to the dis- cussion via categorization, scholars commonly discuss “clusters of factors”
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