Regional Dialogue on Sustainability Science Policy to Support the Post-2015 Development Agenda

24 Pages·2016·3.23 MB·English

by  Sakaguchi, Keiko

International Sustainability Science Symposium
“Transdisciplinarity and Human Well-Being: Putting SDGs into Reality”
Sustainability Science
in Higher Education
Dr. Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI
Director and Professor, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science(IR3S),
The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS)
Senior Visiting Professor, United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
20 September 2016, Padjadjaran University
The Progress and Development of
Sustainability Science
 Systems perspective: links
natural and social systems
 From complex thinking to
transformational change
 Transdisciplinary focus,
solution-oriented
transformative research
 Co-design and co-creation of
knowledge, promotes
partnerships and collaborative
action
 Need for education and
capacity development for
global sustainability Sustainability Science Journal
2
Increasing Number of Academic Papers
on Sustainability Science
s
r
e
p
a
P

f
o

r
e
b
m
u
N
Year
3
(Kajikawa, Y. et al. 2014, modified)
Trend of Sustainability Research
Academic Landscape of Sustainability Research 2000 (14,118 papers) Academic Landscape of Sustainability Research 2007 (29,391 papers)
#4 Forestry (Agroforestry) #6 Business
#6 Business #1 Agriculture #14 Soil
#3 Fishery
#3 Ecological
#4 Tourism Economics
#5 Forestry
#2 Fisheries #5 Forestry
(Tropical
(Tropical Rain
Rain Forest)
Forest)
#12 Energy
#9 Forestry
(Biodiversity)
#8 Energy
#11 Rural Sociology
#1 Sustainable
Development #10 Urban Planning
#13 Health
#7 Forestry
(Biodiversity) #2 Agriculture
#15 Wildlife#7 Tourism #8 Water
Academic Landscape of Sustainability Research 2013 (89,908 papers) Academic Landscape of Sustainability Research 2015 (135,356 papers)
#14 Governmental Debt
#1 Environmental #1 Environmental Systems #8 Governmental Debt & Fiscal Policy
& Fiscal Policy
Systems
#3 Energy Systems
#2 Economy &
#4 Energy Systems
Business Systems
#7 Social Infrastructure &
Recycling Systems
#7 Urban & #9 Soil & Water
#5 Water
Transport #10 Wetlands
Resources
Systems #11 Livestock
#6 Transportation
#12 Education#
System
#13 Medicine in Rural Area
#8 Competitive
#3 Fishery & #14 Plant
Advantage of
Forestry Systems #5 Health System #15 Pastoralism
Firms
#4 Fishery & Forestry
#2 Economy & Systems
#6 Health 4
Business Systems
#13 Education &Sustainable (Kajikawa, Y. et al. 2014, modified)
Human Development
Academic Landscape of Sustainability Research, 2015
(135,356 papers)
#1 Environmental Systems
#8 Governmental Debt & Fiscal Policy
19,925 (2009.3)
#3 Energy
Systems
17,384 (2011.1)
#2 Economy &
#7 Social Infrastructure &
Recycling Systems
Business Systems
#9 Soil & Water
17,723 (2009.3)
#10 Wetlands
#11 Livestock
#12 Education#
#13 Medicine in Rural Area
#6 Transportation System
#14 Plant
#15 Pastoralism
#5 Health System
8,668 (2009.3)
#4 Fishery & Forestry
Systems
87,898 nodes,
345,988 links, 10,717 (2007.9)
year = 2009.5 (Kajikawa, Y. unpublished)
avg
Sustainability and Resilience:
Complementary Concepts
 Sustainability is a “normative goal”, while
resilience is the “capacity” of a system to
absorb disturbances.
 The concept of resilience includes not only
the capacity to recover from disturbances,
but also the capacity to adapt to a new
situation.
 As concepts, sustainability and resilience
complement each other. Defining their
relationship is important for beneficial
societal progress.
 By considering the capacity of
（Elmqvist，T. et al., submitted）
transformations, each of which have various
optional interventions, resilience will be
better linked with sustainability.
6
Changing Relationships between People and Nature
（Takeuchi et al., 2016）
Materials Humans
Ecosystem services
Past Closed and coupled
social-ecological
system
Natural resource
management
Open and
Present decoupled
systems
i.e., Intensification of monoculture i.e., Migration to urban areas
Toward multi-level
governance:
Future
Cross-scale,
connected and
coupled social-
ecological system
7
Ecological System Social System
Multi-level Nested Governance
of Natural Capital
Aid Int’l
UN agencies NGOs Multinational
companies
Nations Regional
Global/
communities
 It is necessary to create Regional/
Government initiatives
National
mechanisms for collaborative
(top-down)
management in order to avoid
degradation of natural capital as Stake- Stake-
Stake-
Stake- holder holder Stake-
holder Stake-
stock, and to promote sustainable holder Stake- Stake- holder
holder
Multi-level holder holder
provision of ecosystem services.
nested
Multi-level governance of natural
collaborative
 It is necessary to explore new
capital
governance
governance structures, or “new
commons” whereby various
stakeholders engage in horizontal Small
Urban Local gov’t
Farmers, residents enterprises Universities
cooperation. foresters,
Local
fishers Co-ops NPOs
communities
Local
 It would be effective to build multi- Local collaborations
level and nested governance (bottom-up)
structures that value bottom-up
Mechanism for cooperative management of natural capital
activities at the local level while
based on nested collaboration between different stakeholders
connecting with global networks.
8
Traditional Home Garden Systems in Rural Asia
Common features and issues Typical arrangement Options to enhance resilience
[Features] Addressing climate and ecosystem change
 Cultivate many varieties in  Diversity of cultivation, from traditional varieties
small quantities to varieties resistant to environmental change
 Use of diverse ecosystem  Improve material cycling within households and
services settlements, through mixed production systems
 High biodiversity combining agroforestry, aquaculture ponds, and
 Ensuring multiple options livestock
to respond to various  Improve soil erosion and rainwater catchment
VAC system in Vietnam
shocks and disturbances using community-pooled labor
 Predominance of small Addressing socio-economic changes
farmers  Sell high value-added products to the
[Issues (Variable factors)] international market by acquiring international
 Climate/ecosystem change certification
 Urbanization and  Offer incentives to small-scale farmers by paying
population outflow for ecosystem services and introducing a system
 Increase scale, for purchasing local products
Pekarangan in Indonesia
commercialization, and
monoculture of farming The above options make it possible to sustain the
 International market high resilience of traditional systems in any kind of
pressure home garden system, as well as to adapt to socio-
 Passing on traditional economic changes, thereby improving overall
knowledge to next resilience.
generation
Mohri et al. (2013) Ecosystem Services, 5: 124-136. 9
Kandyan home garden in Sri Lanka
Bio-Production Systems in Harmony with Biodiversity
Traditional bio-production Example of Gunung Kidul, Indonesia Modern bio-production
Pekarangan Pekarangan, expansion of teak plantations
HTI (Hutan Tanaman Industry)
(2000–2010)
Teak planting by residents, mainly in Commercial reforestation
pekarangan (in woods around their homes)
Sengon (Albizia chinensis)
High biodiversity features
Kayu Putih (Melaleuca leucadendron)
 Diversity of plants (49 types) FSC-certified forest
 Variety of biota (10 species of
mammals, 30 species of birds,
15 species of amphibians)
Forest land since 2000
(Was forest in 2000 and still forest in 2010)
Soil erosion/agrochemicals/excess fertilizer
New forest land since 2000
(Was not forest in 2000 but was forest in 2010)
Managed as shrubs to press oil from branches
Reduction in forest land from 2000 to 2010 and leaves.
External output is high. Disease-pest damage.
 Pekarangans are traditional
home gardens that protect
Encourage farming between forests
Role of pekarangans
against various kinds of shock
(agroforestry)
 Community use  Pekarangans also protect
 Trees can be cut to sell high- against socio-economic Forest Certification System (FSC)
changes
priced materials such as teak Putting a premium on certified materials,
 Biodiversity conservation by
and mahogany when needed to expanding sales channels, regulating the use
means of agroforestry and
cover expenses of healthcare, of agrochemicals on seedlings, protect forests
forest certification, while
of high conservation value, contribute to
education, disaster recovery
enhancing protection against
biodiversity conservation
(saving function) socio-economic changes by Acquired group certification
commercial reforestation for a small teak forest in
A huge tree said to 2012
(correction of excessive focus
be 300 years old Certified area: 330.5 ha
on efficiency and economics) Total of 96 groups of
 Increasing resilience by farmers in the alliance
Price of certified material:
combining 1th0e two
30% higher