Regional code of practice for reduced-impact forest harvesting in tropical moist forests of West and Central Africa

2005·5.1 MB·English

by  Estève, Jean

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I
REGIONAL CODE OF
FORREDUCED-IMPACT
REGIONALCODEOFPRACTICE
FORREDUCED-IMPACTFORESTHARVESTING
INTROPICALMOISTFORESTS
OFWESTANDCENTRALAFRICA
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ISBN92-5-104982-3
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©FAO2005
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FOREWORD
TheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,heldinRioinJune1992,raised
awarenessamongstmanycountriesoftheimportanceofforeststotheireconomic,socialand
environmentaldevelopment.
SincethelastWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment,convenedinJohannesburgin2002,
severalinitiativeshavebeentakentoreinforceforestinstitutionsandmodifylegislationinorderto
providearegulatoryframeworkforforestharvesting.
Atthesametime,theconservationandrationalutilizationofWestandCentralAfrica'sforest
resourceshavebeenunderincreasinginternationalscrutiny.
The promotionofenvironmentallysound forestharvesting practices hasencouraged many
companiestoembracetheconceptofreduced-impactharvesting,althoughimplementationhasbeen
limited.Oneofthereasonsforthiswasthelackofguidelinesonreducedimpactharvestingadapted
toregionalandsub-regionalconditions.
CouTnotrfiillest#h,iscognadpu,ctaedcobmyptohneeFntAOofFotrheestprryojDeecpta:rt«mSuesnttaiinnapbalretnFeorrsehsitpMwiatnhatgheemEeunrtopienanAfCroicmamnunAiCtPy
from2000to2003,hasfocusedontimberharvestingintropicalforests.
Theresultisthispublication.RegionalCodeofPracticeforReduced-ImpactForestHarvestingin
TropicalMoistForestsofWestandCentralAfrica.Thestudyisdirectedatforestauthoritiesofmember
countries,practitionersonthegroundandallpartnerswhohavejoinedforcestopromotesustainable
forestmanagement inthe region. This regional code is intended to setguidelinesforthe
implementationofreduced-impactharvestingconceptsintheregionandtoserveasasourceof
referenceformembercountriesastheyshapetheirownnationalregulations.
Wehopethatthiscodewillcontributetoimplementingimprovedforestharvestingpracticesinthe
Regionandwilladvancethecauseofsustainableforestresourcemanagement.
M.WulfKillmann
Director
ForestProductsandEconomicsDivision
ForestryDepartment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ThispublicationwaspreparedundertheSustainableForestManagementinAfricanACPCountries
projectoftheFAO-ECPartnershipProgramme.Itisthefruitofcollaborationinvolving many
organizationsassociatedwithtropicalforestryandforestmanagementinAfrica.Afternotingtheir
convergentinterestsandactivitiesinforestmanagementintheregion,FAO'sForestProductsand
EconomicsDivisionandADIEagreedin2001tocombineeffortsandpreparearegionalcodeon
fFoAreOstahnadrvmesatdineg.upItsofcornecperpesteinotnatainvedsfoofrmAuDlIaEt,ioAnTIwBeTr,eTFdFiraenctdedWbWyFa(stmeeemrbienrgsc)omamnidttoefeAcThOa,irCeidrabdy-
Foret,FORAFRI,ITTO,IUCN,USDA(advisers).Oursincerestthanksmustfirstgo,therefore,tothese
institutionsandtotheirdelegateswhoweresokeentosharetheirexpertiseandenthusiasmwithus.
ThepreliminaryversionofthisCodewasdraftedbyJeanEstevewhosetthegeneralguidelinesfor
thebodyoftechnicalmaterialrelatingtoforestharvestingintheregion.Thechaptersonwildlife
managementandrelationswithlocalcommunitieswereprovidedbyADIE(FORM).Thefinalization
processbenefitedfromchangesdecidedbythedraftingcommitteechairedbyFAOandbycomments
andsuggestionsreceivedfrommanyguestreviewers.HenningFatheditedthetextandgavethe
illustrationsanorderedstructureandacontentthatreflectscurrentpractices,theirdamagingimpact
andimprovedpractices.SinclairGibbstranslatedtheoriginalFrenchtext.IvanGrifisawtothe
uniformityofillustrationsandthecoherenceofgraphicdesign.JoachimLorbachofFAO'sForest
ProductsandEconomicsDivisioncoordinatedallactivitiesoftheDevelopmentandPromotionof
ImprovedHarvestingandEconomicPracticescomponentoftheproject.
Pilotstudiesofcurrentharvestingpracticeswerecarriedoutinfourcountriesoftheregion,with
FAOrecruitingnationalexpertsinmostcases:MessrsDipapoundjiandBoute-MbambaintheCentral
AfricanRepublic;Boundzanga,BoutaandMatingouintheRepublicofCongo;andOddomin
Ghana.Theirworkaccomplishedunderdifficultfieldconditionswasgreatlyappreciated,allthemore
giventheusefulnessofitsresults.
whWoehaerlepegdratuesfulrefcorruitthiengsutphpeoretxpreerctes.iveWdefrsohmotuhledsaelrsvoicelsikeofttohethraengkiont'hsosneatifoorneasltfcoroemsptaanuitheosrittiheast
cooperatedwithFAOandallowedustoconductourpilotstudiesontheirconcessions.
Thisundertakinginvolvedmanypeopleofdifferentculturalandprofessionalbackgrounds.Itwas
theirshareddeterminationtobringaboutimprovedpracticesandreducethenegativeimpactofforest
harvestingthatinspiredthemtoseekconsensuswheneverdifferencesarose.Ourspecialthanksgo
tothesepeoplewhosecollaborativeefforttranscendedallculturalandcorporateboundaries.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
FOREWORD Hi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
ABBREVIATIONS XI
PREFACE XIII
IINTRODUCTION ]
/.1 Purpose 2
1.2 Approach 2
1.3 Scope 2
1.4 Roleofpartners a
1.5 DesignandstructureoftheCode 4
1.6 Impactofharvestinainareaionalcontext 4
1.6.1 Potentiallydamagingpractices 5
16.2 Environmentalandsocialimpacts 6
2 SUSTAINABLEMANAGEMENTOFPRODUCTIONFORESTS 10
2.1 Forestsandtheirmultiplefunctions L2
22.23 IP2nl.ta3en.rn1niantgioSsntuarslattcaeoignnitcaebx(llteonmga-tnearmg]emmaennatgeamnednftorepsltanharvesting LUU2
2.3.2 TacticalImid-term)managementplan 16
2.3.3 Annualplanofoperationorcoupe LZ
18
3.1 Mappingtools 20
3.2 GeographicInformationSystem-amanagementtool 21
3.3 H3a.r3v.e1st‘sSuurrvveeyycriteria 2222
3.3.2 Descriptionofthepocketinventory 22
3.3.3 Descriptionoftheinventorybysystematicsurveylot 24
3.3.4 Impactofsurveyactivitiesontheforest 26
34 Non-harvestareas ?6
341 Delimitation 26
3.4.2 Specialprecautions 26
3.5 Treespottingandmarking-planningandoptimizingtheextractionlayout 27
3.5.1 Layoutofthesecondaryroadnetwork 27
3.5.2 Preparingtheharvestingblock-planningandlayoutofskidtrailsandlandings 28
3.6 Producingtheoperationalharvestingmap 29
4 PLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFROADNETWORK, 30
DRAINAGESTRUCTURESANDWATERCROSSINGS
44?1 RChoaaradctcelrasissitfiiccsatoifontherandnetwork 3312
43 Roadcharacteristics 32
4.3.1 Crosssection 33
4.3.2 Horizontalalignment 33
4.3.3 Longitudinalprofile 34
44 Roadconstruction 35
441 Generalrules 35
44.2 Layout 36
44.3 Clearinq 36
444 Blading(earthwork) 36
44.5 Sunlightexposure 37
4.4.6 Roadwaycompactionandimprovement 37
4.5 Drainaae:drains,outlets,culvertsandboxdrains 37
4.5.1 Avoidingwaterpenetration 38
4.5.2 Evacuationofrainwaterrunoff:sidedrains,outletsandculverts 38
4.5.3 Drainaaeofroadwaystructure 39
4.6 Crossinqwatercourses:driftsandbridges 40
461 40
4.6.2 Bridges 40
47 Roadmaintenance 43
4.7.1 Regularmaintenance 43
4.7.2 Resurfacinq 43
473 Othermaintenanceoperations 43
4.8 Impactofroadconstruction 44
2 Recommendations 4A
5 IMPLEMENTINGHARVESTOPERATIONS 46
5.1 Controlledfellinq 50
5.1.1 Preparation 50
5.1.2 Controlledfellinqtechniques 51
5.1.3 Fellingsafety 54
5.1.4 Fellingimpact 56
515 56
5.2 Toppinpandbutttrimminq 57
5.2.1 Topping 58
5.2.2 Butttrimming 58
52.3 Recommendations 58
53 60
5.3.1 Extractiontechniques 60
537 Chnrcirteristirsofskidtrails 62
5.3.3 Constructionofskidtrailsandlandinqs 62
5.3.4 Extractionimpact 65
535 65
5.4 Cross<uttinq,markingandpreserving 67
5.4.1 Cross-cutting 67
1
5.4.2 Logmarking o'-1
6 5.4.3 Logpreservation 69
5.5 Loadingandtransport 71
5.5.1 Loading 72
5.5.2 T55..r5a5..n2s2.p.o21rtWRaoataneddrtutrnralanonsaspdpoiorrtntg 77'34
POST-HARVESTOPERATIONS 76
6.1 Rehabilitationofskidtrailsandlandings 78
6.2 Roadclosure
6.3 Cleaningofwatercourses
710 WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT 80
7.1 Practicalrecommendations-thewildlifemanagementcommittee 83
7.2 Identificationanddevelopmentofalternativeresources 85
7.3 Pilotprojects 86
8 LAYOUT,CONSTRUCTIONANDHYGIENEOFCAMPFACILITIES 88
9 EMPLOYMENT,QUALIFICATIONANDTRAININGOFPERSONNEL 92
SAFETYMEASURES 94
10.1 Generalprinciples 98
10.2 Obligationsandresponsibilities 98
10.3 Generalsafetymeasures 99
10.4 Safetyrulesforharvestingoperations 99
10.4.1 Fellingwithchainsaw 99
10.4.2 Cross-cuttingwithchainsaw 100
10.4.3 Extractionbyskidder 101
10.4.4 Loadingandtransport 101
10.5 Safetyrulesforchemicalsandpetroleumproducts 102
1 HARVESTCONTROL,MONITORINGANDASSESSMENT 104
1111..12 CInotnetrrnoallaannddmeoxtneirtnoarlinagssoefshsamrevnetsting 110066
12 MAINTENANCEANDREPAIROFEQUIPMENT 108
12.1 Workshopandgarage 110
12.2 Storageoffuelandlubricants 110
12.3 On-siteservicing 110
12.4 Harvestingwaste 110
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1
13 RELATIONSWITHLOCALCOMMUNITIES 112
13. Presentsituation 114
13.1.1 Institutionalframework 114
13.1.2 Expectationsoflocalcommunities 114
13.2. Practicalrecommendations 114
13.2.1 Stepsfordevelopingsocialaspectsofsustainableforestmanagement 114
13.2.2 Prereguisites 115
13.2.3 Keyfactorsforsuccessfulcollaboration 115
13.24 Consultationofthelocalcommunity:socialstudy 116
13.2.5 Coordinatingcommittee 116
13.2.6 Proposedrightsandobligations 117
GLOSSARY 118
BIBLIOGRAPHY 125
SOURCELIST 134
ATIBT
InternationalTechnicalTropicalTimberAssociation
ATO
AfricanTimberOrganization
CEFDHAC
ConferenceoftheCentralAfricanTropicalMoistForestEcosystems
CIFOR
CentreforInternationalForestryResearch
CIRAD-Foret
ForestryDepartmentoftheInternationalCooperationCentreonAgrarianResearchforDevelopment
COMIFAC
ConferenceofMinistersinChargeofForestsinCentralAfrica
CTFT
TechnicalTropicalForestryCentre(previousnameofCIRAD-Foret)
FAO
FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
FORAFRI
AfricanForestsProjectoftheFrenchMinistryofForeignAffairs
GIS
GeographicInformationSystem
GPS
GlobalPositioningSystem
ILO
InternationalLabourOffice
ITTO
InternationalTropicalTimberOrganization
IUCN
WorldConservationUnion
NGO
Non-governmentalorganization
RIL
ReducedImpactLogging
TFF
TropicalForestFoundation
USDA
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
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