Refugees, the State and the Politics of Asylum in Africa PDF
Preview Refugees, the State and the Politics of Asylum in Africa
St Antony’s Series General Editor: Jan Zielonka (2004– ), Fellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford Recent titles include: James Milner REFUGEES, THE STATE AND THE POLITICS OF ASYLUM IN AFRICA Motti Golani THE END OF THE BRITISH MANDATE FOR PALESTINE, 1948 The Diary of Sir Henry Gurney Demetra Tzanaki WOMEN AND NATIONALISM IN THE MAKING OF MODERN GREECE The Founding of the Kingdom to the Greco-Turkish War Simone Bunse SMALL STATES AND EU GOVERNANCE Leadership through the Council Presidency Judith Marquand DEVELOPMENT AID IN RUSSIA Lessons from Siberia Li-Chen Sim THE RISE AND FALL OF PRIVATIZATION IN THE RUSSIAN OIL INDUSTRY Stefania Bernini FAMILY LIFE AND INDIVIDUAL WELFARE IN POSTWAR EUROPE Britain and Italy Compared Tomila V. Lankina, Anneke Hudalla and Helmut Wollman LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Comparing Performance in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia Cathy Gormley-Heenan POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE NORTHERN IRELAND PEACE PROCESS Role, Capacity and Effect Lori Plotkin Boghardt KUWAIT AMID WAR, PEACE AND REVOLUTION Paul Chaisty LEGISLATIVE POLITICS AND ECONOMIC POWER IN RUSSIA Valpy FitzGerald, Frances Stewart and Rajesh Venugopal (editors) GLOBALIZATION, VIOLENT CONFLICT AND SELF-DETERMINATION Miwao Matsumoto TECHNOLOGY GATEKEEPERS FOR WAR AND PEACE The British Ship Revolution and Japanese Industrialization Håkan Thörn ANTI-APARTHEID AND THE EMERGENCE OF A GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY Lotte Hughes MOVING THE MAASAI A Colonial Misadventure Fiona Macaulay GENDER POLITICS IN BRAZIL AND CHILE The Role of Parties in National and Local Policymaking Stephen Whitefield (editor) POLITICAL CULTURE AND POST-COMMUNISM José Esteban Castro WATER, POWER AND CITIZENSHIP Social Struggle in the Basin of Mexico Valpy FitzGerald and Rosemary Thorp (editors) ECONOMIC DOCTRINES IN LATIN AMERICA Origins, Embedding and Evolution Victoria D. Alexander and Marilyn Rueschemeyer ART AND THE STATE The Visual Arts in Comparative Perspective Ailish Johnson EUROPEAN WELFARE STATES AND SUPRANATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL POLICY Archie Brown (editor) THE DEMISE OF MARXISM-LENINISM IN RUSSIA Thomas Boghardt SPIES OF THE KAISER German Covert Operations in Great Britain during the First World War Era Paradorn Rangsimaporn RUSSIA AS AN ASPIRING GREAT POWER IN EAST ASIA Perceptions and Policies from Yeltsin to Putin Ulf Schmidt JUSTICE AT NUREMBERG Leo Alexander and the Nazi Doctors’ Trial Steve Tsang (editor) PEACE AND SECURITY ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT St Antony’s Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71109–5 (hardback) 978–0–333–80341–7 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England. Refugees, the State and the Politics of Asylum in Africa James Milner Assistant Professor of Political Science Carleton University, Canada In Association with St Antony’s College, Oxford © James H. S. Milner 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-21504-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-30340-3 ISBN 978-0-230-24679-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230246799 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 In loving memory of my father, William Stephenson Milner This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xii Maps xvi 1 Understanding the State and Asylum in Africa 1 2 A History of Asylum in Africa 18 3 The Principle and Practice of Burden Sharing with Africa 39 4 Host State Security and Refugee Movements in Africa 61 5 Kenya 84 6 Tanzania 108 7 Guinea 135 8 The Politics of Asylum in Africa 161 Notes 189 Bibliography 194 Index 221 vii Illustrations Maps 0.1 UNHCR operations in Kenya (31 December 2006) xvi 0.2 UNHCR operations in Tanzania (31 December 2006) xvii 0.3 UNHCR operations in Guinea (31 December 2006) xviii 7.1 UNHCR operations in Guinea (March 2000) 140 Figures 2.1 Refugee population in Africa (1967–2005) 21 3.1 Top 10 donors to UNHCR (1995–2005) 47 5.1 Refugee population in Kenya (1980–2005) 91 5.2 Instances of violent crime in Dadaab refugee camps (1998–2003) 99 6.1 Refugee population in Tanzania (1980–2005) 124 7.1 Refugee population in Guinea (1980–2005) 138 Tables 3.1 Refugee populations: Africa and Global (1954–2004) 42 3.2 Geographic resettlement quotas (2003–04) 50 8.1 Major protracted refugee situations in Africa (1 January 2005) 169 viii Abbreviations ADFL Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Zaïre/ Congo (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Zaire/Congo) AFP L’Agence France-Presse AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Sierra Leone AI Amnesty International ANC African National Congress BMS Brigade Mixte de Sécurité (Mixed Security Brigade), Guinea BNCR Bureau National pour la Coordination des Refugiés, Guinea CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Party of the Revolution), Tanzania CIREFCA International Conference on Central American Refugees CNISR Commission Nationale pour l’Intégration et le Suivi des Réfugiés, Guinea CPA Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees CRS Centre for Refugee Studies, York University DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECRE European Council on Refugees and Exiles EPAU Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, UNHCR ERP Economic Recovery Programme, Tanzania EU European Union ExCom Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, UNHCR FDD Forces de la démocratie, Burundi FGoR Former Government of Rwanda FRELIMO Frente de Libertaçao de Moçambique (Front for the National Liberation of Mozambique) GDP Gross Domestic Product HEP Humanitarian Evacuation Programme for Kosovar Refugees HRW Human Rights Watch HTP Humanitarian Transfer Programme for Kosovar Refugees ix
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