Refrigeration: home and commercial PDF
Preview Refrigeration: home and commercial
P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 AudelTM Refrigeration: Home and Commercial All New 5th Edition i P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 ii P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 AudelTM Refrigeration: Home and Commercial All New 5th Edition Edwin Anderson iii P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 VicePresidentandExecutiveGroupPublisher:RichardSwadley VicePresidentandPublisher:JosephB.Wikert ExecutiveEditorialDirector:MaryBednarek ExecutiveEditor:CarolLong EditorialManager:KathrynA.Malm SeniorProductionEditor:GeraldineFahey DevelopmentEditor:KevinShafer ProductionEditor:PamelaHanley TextDesign&Composition:WileyCompositionServices Copyright(cid:2)C 2004byWileyPublishing,Inc.,Indianapolis,Indiana.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: eISBN:0-764-57850-2 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 Contents Acknowledgments xxv About the Author xxvii Introduction xxix Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Refrigeration 1 Applications of Refrigeration 1 Physical Units 2 PracticalDimensions 2 SquareMeasure 4 CubicMeasureorMeasureofSolids 4 Mass 5 SpecificGravity 6 Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gage Pressures 8 AtmosphericPressure 9 AbsolutePressure 10 Boyle’s Law for Perfect Gases 10 Charles’s Law 11 Power and Work 15 Units of Power 15 Energy 16 Theory of Heat 17 MolecularTheory 18 Temperature 19 Thermometers 19 Absolute Zero 21 Units of Heat 22 Specific Heat 23 Latent Heat 27 ChangeofState 27 LatentHeatofFusion 29 Latent Heat of Evaporation 30 Steam 30 Refrigerants 31 v P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 vi Contents UseofIce 33 TonofRefrigeration 34 Evaporation 34 Pressure 34 Pressure-Temperature Relations 37 LowPressures 37 EffectofLowPressures 39 Heat Transmission 40 Conduction 41 Convection 42 Radiation 43 Condensation 43 Altitudes and Refrigeration Capacity 46 AtmosphericFactorsinRefrigeration 46 RefrigerationbyVaporization 47 Basic Systems 49 Laws of Gases 50 The Refrigeration Cycle 52 Pressure 53 AtmosphericPressure 54 AbsolutePressure 54 Summary 54 Review Questions 54 Chapter 2 Refrigerants 57 Desirable Properties 57 Class1 57 Class2 57 Class3 58 Freon Refrigerants 58 SubstituteRefrigerants 59 ChemicalProperties 59 PhysicalProperties 59 OperatingPressures 60 Freon-12 60 Freon-21 62 Freon-22 62 P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 Contents vii Freon-113 62 Freon-11 62 Freon-114 62 Freon-13andFreon-14 63 Sulfur Dioxide 63 Methyl Chloride 64 Ammonia 65 Carbon Dioxide 65 Leak Detection 66 ElectronicDetector 66 HalideTorch 66 BubbleMethod 67 DetectionofAmmoniaandSulfur DioxideLeaks 67 Pressure-Temperature Chart 67 Care in Handling Refrigerants 69 Handling Refrigerant Cylinders 69 Refrigerant Containers 70 A Simple Refrigeration System 71 Summary 72 Review Questions 74 Chapter 3 Compressors 77 How the Compressor Works 77 Reciprocating Compressors 77 Lubrication 78 ShaftSeal 80 PistonsandRings 81 ConnectingRodsandWristPins 82 Crankshafts 82 Valves 83 Rotary Compressors 83 Hermetic Compressors 84 Centrifugal Compressors 87 System Precautions 89 Compressor Maintenance 90 OilLevel 90 P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 viii Contents OilPressure 90 SuctionStrainer 90 Valves 91 CompressorCare 91 Open-Type Compressor Maintenance and Service 92 ShaftSeal 93 CompressorEfficiencyTest 94 StuckorTightCompressor 96 CompressorKnocks 96 Lubrication 96 CompressorRemoval 97 CompressorReplacement 97 BeltAlignment 97 Running-Time Check 98 Compression Ratio 99 Energy Consumption 100 Refrigeration-System Lubricants 100 LubricationofMotorandFanBearings 101 CompressorLubrication 101 TypesofLubrication 102 Compressor Calculations 102 MechanicalEfficiency 103 CompressionRatio 103 VolumetricEfficiency 103 CompressorCapacity 103 PerformanceFactor 103 BrakeHorsepower 103 TheoreticalCompressorCapacities 109 Safety Precautions 111 Summary 112 Review Questions 113 Chapter 4 Domestic Refrigeration 115 The Refrigeration Cycle 115 High-PressureSide 118 Low-PressureSide 118 P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 Contents ix Compressors 118 Condensers 118 Drier-Strainer 119 Capillary Tubes 120 Evaporators 121 Accumulators 124 Energy-Conservation Measures 124 Post-Loop-CondenserDesignChange 124 ControlMethods 125 Schematic Diagrams 129 Summary 129 Review Questions 130 Chapter 5 Absorption System for Domestic Refrigeration 131 Principle of Operation 131 Absorption-Refrigeration Cycle 132 The Flue System 135 Gas-Control Devices 135 GasShutoffValve 136 PressureRegulators 136 InputControls 136 GasBurners 138 Thermostats 139 Electrical Accessories 141 CabinetLights 141 DefrostTimers 141 Air-CirculationFansandThermostats 141 Installation and Service 142 AirCirculation 142 Leveling 143 Gas-LineConnection 143 Burner-OrificeCleaning 147 Burner-AirAdjustment 147 Thermostat-ValveCleaning 147 Gas-PressureAdjustment 148 FlameStability 150 P1:FCH GB090-FM GB090-Miller August27,2004 18:29 CharCount=0 x Contents Refrigerator Unit Removal and Replacement 150 Refrigerator Maintenance 151 LightingtheBurner 151 ColdControl 152 StoppingRefrigeration 152 RefrigeratorTooCold 152 RefrigeratorNotColdEnough 152 NoRefrigeration 153 BurnerFlameGoesOut 154 FlameBurnsOutsideofGeneratorFlue 155 ManualDefrosting 156 AutomaticDefrosting 156 OdorsfromInsidetheRefrigerator 157 OdorsfromOutsidetheRefrigerator 157 FrostFormsRapidly 157 LooseGasConnection 157 InoperativeLightSwitches 157 Absorption-Refrigeration Troubleshooting Guide 158 Summary 162 Review Questions 162 Chapter 6 Thermoelectric Cooling 165 Performance of Thermoelectric Couples 165 Advantages and Applications of Thermoelectric Cooling 166 Summary 172 Review Questions 173 Chapter 7 Refrigeration Service Equipment and Tools 175 Service Valves 175 Combination Gage Set 178 ImportanceofGagesand Combination-GageSet 178 TypesofGagesUsed 179
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