Table Of Content

Re!riger(JJion: 'The pmce'-' of "'IT.;wing heat Air-corlliili<ming: A form of air Ir",Umen! ","""'by lemperature. humidity. ,'en lilation. and air cleanl;ne<s are all CO<ltmllcd wilhin lim;l, <lclcrmincd by lile requiremenls of tile ai, <x>nditioncd enclosure. B$X>43: 1934 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Fourth Edition G.F. Hundy, A.A. Trott. and le. Welch AmUHdam· """"",· Htodd""'l; · 1.-100· N ......" "'· Chfood ..... 'S"llokso·s..~· so....,.,.." Sy-,. .ToO)", B~h·Hri""mAn. is •• ; ........, .,( EI_ Buncrworth-Ucincmann is an imprint of Elsevicr Linacrc House. Jordan Ilili. O"ford OX2 8DP. UK 30 Corporatc Dri,·c. Suitc 400. Burlington. MA 01803. USA I'irst publi~hed by McGraw-llili Book Company (UK) Ltd 1981 Sccond edition published by BUl1crworth-llcincmann 1989 Third cdition 2000 Transferred to digil~1 printing 2002 Fourth edition 200g Copyright C 2008 Elsevier Ltd. 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VUl List ofA bbrel'iatiOlls ..... x , FundJrncntals ................................ ............................................................ 1 The rcfrigcrJ.tion cycle ............................................................................ 15 3 Refrigerants .................................................................................... 30 4 Compressors ...................................................................................4 1 5 Oil in rcfriger.lI1t circuits .........................................................................6 6 6 Condensers and cooling lowers ............................................................... 74 7 .............. , .... 91 8 Expansion I'all'cs .103 9 Controls and other circuit components. , .................... 115 10 Component selection and balancing .................... . . ........................... 131 II Installation and construction .................................................................. 147 12 Distributed cooling. thenllO.1 stornge ...................................................... 160 13 I'ackaged units .................................................................................. 168 14 Food refrigerntion and freeling .. 177 15 Cold stornge .184 16 Food refrigerntion - product by product ... 198 17 Refrigernted transport. handling and distribution ......................... 214 18 Refrigeration load estimation ................................................................ 226 19 Industrial uses of refrigeration ,. ................................... ......................... 233 20 Air and water vapour mixtures ............ 240 21 Air treatment fundamenmls ......................................... ......................... 251 22 Prnctical air treatment cycles ...................................... . .. .......... 266 v vi Contents 23 Air-conditioning lond cstinmtion ... ... 274 24 Airmol'cment ........................................................................................ 281 25 Air-conditioning methods ...................................................................... 303 26 Dehumidifiers nnd nif drying ........................................................ 321 27 Hent pumps nnd heat rccovcry ............................................................. 325 28 Control systems ..................................................................................... 332 29 Commissioning and maintcnancc ......................................................... 341 30 Efficicl1CY. running cost and c[lrbon footprint ............................. ..353 31 Noise ...................................................................................................... 361 Al'l'endix Unit~· o/mcasurel/lent ................................................................. 365 Rljl'fellces ... .368 Index ........ 375 Preface Refrigeration and air-conditioning absorb about 15% of the UK’s electrical generation capacity and it is not always appreciated that refrigeration technology is essential to our modern way of life. Without it, distribution of food to urban areas may not be possible. In a typical offi ce, air conditioning can account for over 30% of annual electricity consumption, yet who cares about checking the system to fi nd out if it is working effi ciently? Reducing the environmental impact of cooling whilst at the same time maintaining and expanding expectations is the driver of many of the developments which have been made since the last edition of this book. Aimed at students, and professionals in other disciplines, not too theoretical but with suf- fi cient depth to give an understanding of the issues, this book takes the reader from the fundamentals, through to system design, applications, contract specifi - cations and maintenance. Almost every chapter could be expanded into a book in itself and references are provided to assist those wishing to delve deeper. Standards and legislation are subject to change and readers are recommended to consult the Institute of Refrigeration website for the latest developments. This edition gives an up-to-date appreciation of the issues involved in refrig- erant choice, effi ciency, load reduction, and effective air conditioning. Managing heat energy is going to be crucial in the UK’s quest to reduce carbon emissions – and managing heat rather than burning fuel to generate more of it, is what heat pumps do. Refrigeration technology has a potentially huge role to play in heat- ing, which is where a very large proportion of the UK’s energy is spent. In navigating this book you should be guided by the context of your interest, but at the same time develop an awareness of related topics. Most real prob- lems cross boundaries, which are in any case diffi cult to defi ne, and some of the most exciting developments have occurred when taking concepts from various branches to other applications in innovative ways. I am much indebted to friends and colleagues in the industry who have helped with information, proof-read drafts, and given guidance on many of the topics. Particular thanks are due to individuals who have gone out of their way to provide suitable illustrations and to their organisations for supporting them. Guy Hundy vii PPRREE--HH88551199..iinndddd vviiii 55//1177//22000088 22::5555::0077 PPMM Acknowledgements Cover picture: Sectional view of a Copeland Scroll™ compressor by courtesy of Emerson Climate Technologies GmbH Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Denmark for Mollier diagrams drawn with CoolPack software Pictures and diagrams are reproduced by courtesy of the following organizations: Advanced Engineering Ltd Airedale International Air Conditioning Ltd Alfa Laval Arctic Circle Ltd Baltimore Aircoil Bitzer Kühlmaschinenbau GmbH Michael Boast Engineering Consultancy Ltd Business Edge Ltd Cambridge Refrigeration Technology Carrier Corporation CIBSE – Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers CIBSE/FMA – Reproduced from TM42 ‘ Fan Applications Guide’ by permission of the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers and Fan Manufacturers Association CIBSE/FMA/Howden – Reproduced from TM42 ‘ Fan Applications Guide ’ by permission of the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, Fan Manufacturers Association and Howden Group Climacheck Sweden AB Climate Center M Conde Engineering (Switzerland) Danfoss A/S Emerson Climate Technologies GmbH FRPERC – Food Refrigeration and Process Engineering Research viii Centre, University of Bristol AACCKK--HH88551199..iinndddd vviiiiii 55//2200//22000088 1100::2299::2233 AAMM Acknowledgements ix Glasgow University Archive Services Gram Equipment A/S Grasso Products BV Heatking Henry Technologies Howden Compressors Ltd Hubbard Products Ltd J & E Hall Ltd Jackstone Froster Ltd Johnson Controls Kensa Heat Pumps Searle Manufacturing Co. Star Instruments Ltd Star Refrigeration Ltd Thermo King Titan Engineering Ltd Vilter Manufacturing Corporation XL Refrigerators Ltd Harry Yearsley Ltd. AACCKK--HH88551199..iinndddd iixx 55//2200//22000088 1100::2299::2233 AAMM Chapter | One Fundamentals 1.1 INTRODUCTION Refrigeration is the action of cooling, and in practice this requires removal of heat and discarding it at a higher temperature. Refrigeration is therefore the science of moving heat from low temperature to high temperature. In addition to chilling and freezing applications, refrigeration technology is applied in air conditioning and heat pumps, which therefore fall within the scope of this book. The fundamental principles are those of physics and thermodynamics, and these principles, which are relevant to all applications, are outlined in this opening chapter. 1.2 TEMPERATURE, WORK AND HEAT The temperature scale now in general use is the Celsius scale , based nominally on the melting point of ice at 0°C and the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure at 100°C (by strict defi nition, the triple point of ice is 0.01°C at a pressure of 6.1 mbar). The law of conservation of energy tells us that when work and heat energy are exchanged there is no net gain or loss of energy. However, the amount of heat energy that can be converted into work is limited. As the heat fl ows from hot to cold a certain amount of energy may be converted into work and extracted. It can be used to drive a generator, for example. The minimum amount of work to drive a refrigerator can be defi ned in terms of the absolute temperature scale. F igure 1.1 shows a reversible engine E driving a reversible heat pump P; Q and W represent the fl ow of heat and work. They are called reversible machines because they have the highest effi ciency that can be visualised, and because there are no losses, E and P are identical machines. The arrangement shown results in zero external effect because the reser- voirs experience no net gain or loss of heat. If the effi ciency of P were to be higher, i.e. if the work input required for P to lift an identical quantity of heat Q from the cold reservoir were to be less than W, the remaining part of W 2 could power another heat pump. This could lift an additional amount of heat. The result would be a net fl ow of heat from the low temperature to the high 1 CChh000011--HH88551199..iinndddd 11 55//1177//22000088 22::3399::2222 PPMM