Refractive Indices of Organic Liquids

2639 Pages·1996·8.292 MB·English

by  Ch. Wohlfarth, B. Wohlfarth (auth.), M. D. Lechner (eds.)

Landolt-Börnstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Group III: Condensed Matter
Volume 38
Optical Constants
Subvolume B
Refractive Indices of Organic Liquids
Editor: M.D. Lechner
Authors: Ch. Wohlfarth and B. Wohlfarth
Springer
ISSN 0942-7988 (Condesed Matter)
ISBN 3-540-60596-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften undTechnik, Neue Serie
Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Vol.III/38B : Edited by M.D.Lechner
At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Addedt.p.: : Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
Tables chiefly in English.
Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Btirnstein of which the 6th ed. began
publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik.
Vols.published after v. 1 of group 1 have imprint: Berlin,NewYork,Springer-Verlag
Includes bibliographies.
1.Physics--Tables. 2.Chemistry--Tables. 3.Engineering--Tables.
1. Börnstein, R. (Richard), 1852-1913. II Landolt, H. (Hans), 183l-1910.
III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen.IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
QC61.23 5o2`.12 62-53136
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Product Liabilify:The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from
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Editor
M.D. Lechner
Institut für Physikalische Chemie
Universität Osnabrück
D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
Authors
Ch. Wohlfarth and B. Wohlfarth
Institut für -Physikalische Chemie
Martin Luther Universität, Halle-Wittenberg
D-O6217 Merseburg, Germany
Preface
More than 35 years ago, in 1959, Landolt-Börnstein published in its 6th Edition “Refractive
indices of gases, Iiquids and liquid mixtures at different temperatures and wavelengths”. Due
to measurements of refractive indices of many Systems since 1959 and due to the growing
interest in Optical properties of materials the editors of Landolt-Börnstein decided to
publish a complete volume of refractive indices of gases and liquid Systems.
In contrast to the 6th Edition of Landolt-Börnstein, it is nowadays impossible to include
the complete data in the printed Version. The aim of the New Series Edition of Landolt-
Börnstein is therefore to store all data and references in electronic files and selected data
and references in the printed Version. Nevertheless, the printed version gives an extensive
overview of the refractive indices with many data for nearly all kinds of Systems.
Volume III/38 ,,Optical Constants” is divided into several Parts. The present subvolume
III/38B contains organic liquids; subvolume III/38A contains inorganic, organometallic, and
organononmetallic liquids, and binary liquid mixtures.
The editor kindly acknowledge the support of Dr. R. Poerschke and Dr. H. Seemüller from
Springer-Verlag. The publisher and the editor are confident that this volume will increase
the use of the “Landolt-Börnstein”.
Osnabrück, March 1996 The Editor
1 Introduction 1
____________________________________________________________________________________
1 Introduction
1.1 Selection of data
36 years after the publication of a data collection on refractive indices in the 6th Edition of Landolt-
Börnstein [59LB1], a complete volume is presented here, providing an up-to-date view for this property.
Many handbooks, e.g. the CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics [94L1], and also a number of
electronic data bases (e.g., consult the file NUMERIGUIDE provided by the databank host STN Interna-
tional), contain data on refractive indices. However, the common problem with these sources is: Either
only one single value is given per individual chemical substance (usually for a temperature around 20 °C
in handbooks) or the user is confronted with large numbers of data and/or references per substance stored
in electronic files, like in the BEILSTEIN or in the GMELIN data base. Generally, data on the wavelength
dependence (dispersion) of the refractive index, are nowhere listed completely (e.g., the BEILSTEIN file
usually provides information about the range and the corresponding literature source only).
Because of the vast amount of data on refractive indices, in comparison to the former collection in the
Landolt-Börnstein series a specialization for this new volume was necessary. Only data for pure liquids
and binary liquid mixtures at normal pressure (sometimes at the saturation vapour pressure) were taken
into account. In some cases the user will find a footnote if data at higher pressures are available in the
original source. Emphasis was laid on the wavelength dependence of the refractive index to fill the gap
stated above. No data for the gaseous state are included here. For mixtures, this data collection is
restricted to binary liquid mixtures, i.e. no solutions of any solids are included here (e.g., for polymer
solutions, a recent compilation was prepared by Huglin [89H1] ).
Nevertheless, the amount of data much exceeds the available place for printing. Thus, the volume is
divided into two parts. Part 1 contains the data for inorganic, organometallic, organoarsenic, organoboron,
organosilicon, organophosphorus, and organovanadic compounds (895 substances in their liquid state)
and the data for binary liquid mixtures. 950 systems could be found in the literature, but we are aware of
the fact that a great number of refractive indices of binary mixtures were never published as such measure-
ments served as additional aid for other investigations only. Part 2 contains data for some more than 7600
organic liquids. Additionally, both parts include data on electronic version, as not all collected data are
printed.
There are much less data available for inorganic than for organic liquids. Therefore, all data for
inorganic liquids are printed. In all other cases, a selection was made. However, a general evaluation of
refractive indices is difficult. One knows from common experience that the real accuracy of the refractive
index is seldom better than ± 0.0005, even if authors provide values with 4, 5 or 6 digits. The most
problematic source for errors is (also with respect to its evaluation) the purity of the substances, even if
one takes into consideration that refractive index is a common value to characterize the purity of liquids.
Scattering of data points is in many cases tremendous (the user of Part 2 may prove that by looking into
the data files and choosing a substance where some hundreds of data are given). Selection of the data was
therefore made under three aspects: (i) the temperature dependence was checked (if data are available
over a certain temperature range), (ii) purity statements were compared, (iii) methods of averaging such as
the median were used if the first two methods could not be applied. Different data sets, unfortunately, do
not necessarily accurately follow the same temperature dependence, so that no regressions were made.
Selected data from different authors may show differences being larger than the usual accuracy of the data
itself. For many liquids, however, the user will not have a choice between several data sets for the
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New Series III/38B
2 1 Introduction
____________________________________________________________________________________
refractive index, because it was measured only once. For all cases where more data are collected on the
electronic version than selected and printed in the volume here, the substance is marked by an asterisk (*).
The user can employ additional data from the electronic version if doubts arise from the selected data in
this book. For mixtures, the asterisk also point to additional data on the electronic version.
Numbering of all references according to the Landolt-Börnstein system was made once for all pure
liquids, printed references are a part of this reference list (and show therefore jumps in numbering here).
1.2 Refractive index, temperature, wavelength, composition
This volume (consisting of two parts) contains data on refractive indices as a function of temperature,
wavelength and - for the binary mixtures in Part 1 - as a function of composition.
Refractive index n
The refractive index n of a material is given by Snellius’ law:
ß vacuum
1
n = sin ß /sin ß material (1)
1 2
ß
2
were ß and ß denote the transition angles from the vacuum to the material. n is a function of the
1 2
polarizability α of the molecules for which Lorentz and Lorenz derived the following theoretical equation:
[(n2 − 1)/(n2 + 2)](M/ρ) = (4 π/3) N α ≡ R (2)
A LL
with M = molar mass, ρ = density, N = Avogadros number and R = molar refraction. Empirical
A LL
relationships for the molar refraction are the relationships of Eykman and Gladstone-Dale:
[(n2 − 1)/(n2 + 0.4)](M/ρ) ≡ R ; (n − 1)(M/ρ) ≡ R (3)
Ey GD
In case of no interactions between the molecules, the molar refraction is additive for mixtures:
R = Σ w R (4)
i i
with R = molar refraction of the mixture, R = molar refraction of component i, w = m / Σ m and
i i i k
m = mass of component i. Equations (2) to (4) allow the calculation of the refractive index at different
i
temperatures and compositions.
The wavelength dependence of n (dispersion) is given by Cauchy’s equation:
n2 = A + A /λ2 + A /λ4 + ..... − A ’ λ2 − A ’ λ4 − ..... (5)
0 1 2 1 2
where A , A , A , .... A ’ , A ’ , .... are positive constants. Practical quantities for the description of the
0 1 2 1 2
dispersion δ are the specific dispersion δ , the partial dispersion δ , the relative dispersion δ and
sp part rel
Abbe’s number ν:
δ = n − n ; δ = n − n (6)
sp H C part F C
δ = (n − n )/(n − 1) ν = (n − 1)/(n − n ) = 1/δ (7)
rel F C D D F C rel
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New Series III/38B
1 Introduction 3
____________________________________________________________________________________
with the Fraunhofer lines C = 656.3 nm, D = 589.0 nm, F = 486.1 nm and H = 396.8 nm.
All data are given here with 5 digits after the decimal point, regardless of their real accuracy as data
were taken from files with standardized data file format, so that empty digits are filled by zeros. The data
are printed in the order of increasing temperature and decreasing wavelength, as far as measured.
Temperature T
All temperatures are given in °C and rounded to a tenth of a °C, corresponding to their usual accuracy
(with some exceptions made for more precise measurements). If no temperature is given, no such
information could be found in the original source (in older sources this could mean room temperature).
Wavelength λλλλ
The wavelength λ is given in nanometers. The usual accuracy is in the range of nanometers. In older
sources, only the colour/name of the flame or the Frauenhofer line is given. In such cases, the wavelength
is taken from tables and rounded. As stated above, all data were taken in standardized data file format, so
that always 5 digits are given (i.e. in the range of visible light with two digits after the decimal point,
empty digits are filled by zeros). If no wavelength is given, no such information could be found in the
original source. The information „white (day/sun) light“ corresponds to a wavelength of about 550 nm.
Mole fraction x , volume fraction ϕϕϕϕ, and mass fraction w
i i i
Three different concentration variables were used in the literature. In most cases the mole fraction x
i
is given (x = n / Σ n , n = amount of substance of component i ), but there are also a number of
i i k i
mixtures where the volume fraction ϕ (ϕ = v / Σ v , v = volume of component i ) or the mass
i i i k i
fraction w (w = m / Σ m , m = mass of component i ) are used. If they were given together in the
i i i k i
original source, the mole fraction was preferred for the table in this volume. The subscript i = 1 or 2
denotes the concentration of first or second component in the mixture, respectively.
1.3 Arrangement of data
The data tables for the pure liquids are organized by the gross formulae according to the Hill system, i.e.
with increasing number of C and H atoms followed by the other atoms according to their alphabetical
order with an Arabic numeral indicating the number of atoms of each element (if different from 1) in the
right subscript position. If substance formulae have the same first element, then the substance having a
larger number of that element follows the one with a lower number. If these numbers are the same, then
the next elements are considered, using similar criteria. The absence of a next element in one of the
substances confers it to a lower position in the order. Isomeric substances are further sorted in the
alphabetical order of their names. Inorganics follow the same order.
No special substance indices are prepared for this volume, as the order of the substances corresponds
to a substance index based on gross formula (in difficult cases it is recommended to apply the data files of
the electronic version and to search via a textprocessor or any other equivalent software). Users of this
Part 2 (the organic liquids) will find quite a number of substances where only the substance row is
printed and no data (these substance rows just keep the order of the substances and their numbering in
agreement with the data files of the electronic version). This was done in all cases where neither a
temperature nor a wavelength dependence but only some individual data were published. Users see, that
some data are available (but only in the files of the electronic version).
The data tables for the binary liquid mixtures are organized by the gross formula of the first substance
and for mixtures with a common gross formula of the first substance by the gross formulae of the second
one. In binary mixtures with water, water is always the first component. Mixtures composed of organic
compounds follow those with water. The first substance is always the one with the lower number of C, H,
etc. atoms (the order used in the original source was changed for this data collection). The user has to
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New Series III/38B
4 1 Introduction
____________________________________________________________________________________
search a certain mixture by looking for the compound with the lower C, H, etc. number first and then for
the second compound following this rule again. No doubled listing by „second“ compounds is given.
The electronic version of both subvolumes will be applied on a CD-ROM.
1.4 Substances and nomenclature
In general, for each substance, an unambiguous and unique name was chosen as the preferred name. For
organic substances, it is usually one of the various systematic names recommended by IUPAC [79IU1]. A
few other systematic names and widely used trivial names were adopted as synonyms. The symbols used
to denote the natural elements are those recommended by IUPAC [91IU1]. Each substance is
characterized by its chemical name and by its Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number to
allow a well-defined search where chemical names are difficult or different chemical names are in
common use. The CAS-registry number can be searched for in all data files of the electronic version
without difficulty.
An index of substance names seemed not to be necessary. There are too many different names in use
and the CAS-registry names as systematic names are rather complicated and not common enough to be
applied for such a purpose in this volume (LIDE [94L1] applied these systematic names for alphabetical
ordering of the table of organic substances, together with a synonym index, a molecular formula and a
structural formula index, which is too much for our volume). In any case, the user will find the
information he is looking for by first searching the gross formula of a given substance following the order
of the volume as described above.
1.5 References
59LB1 Hellwege, A.M. and Ruck, M.: Landolt-Börnstein, Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik,
Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik, 6th Ed., vol.2, part 8, p. 561-675, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1959
79IU1 IUPAC Organic Chemistry Division: Nomenclature of organic chemistry, Rigaudy, J.,
Klesney, S.P. (eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford 1979
89H1 Huglin, M.B.: Specific refractive index increments of polymers in dilute solution. Polymer
Handbook, Brandrup, I., Immergut, E.H. (eds.), 3rd Ed., p. VII/409-484, J.Wiley & Sons,
New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 1989
91IU1 IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances: Atomic weights of the
elements 1989, Pure Appl.Chem. 63 (1991) 991
94L1 Lide, R.D. (ed.): CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th Ed., CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo 1994
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series III/38B
Ref. p. 392] 2.1 Pure liquids: data 5
____________________________________________________________________________________
2 Pure liquids
2.1 Data
Organic compounds
no. molecular formula chemical name CAS-registry number
n T/°C λ/nm Ref. n T/°C λ/nm Ref.
____________________________________________________________________________________
896 CBrCl bromo-trichloro-methane * 75-62-7
3
897 CBrF bromo-trifluoro-methane 75-63-8
3
898 CBrN O bromo-trinitro-methane * 560-95-2
3 6
899 CBr ClF dibromo-chloro-fluoro-methane 353-55-9
2
900 CBr Cl dibromo-dichloro-methane * 594-18-3
2 2
901 CBr F dibromo-difluoro-methane 75-61-6
2 2
1.40160 15.0 589.00 58D6 1.40800 15.0 486.00 58D6
1.39890 15.0 656.00 58D6
902 CBr N O dibromo-dinitro-methane * 2973-00-4
2 2 4
903 CBr F tribromo-fluoro-methane * 353-54-8
3
1.52160 20.0 656.30 58D6 1.53660 20.0 486.20 58D6
1.52600 20.0 589.00 58D6 1.54570 20.0 434.00 58D6
904 CBr NO tribromo-nitro-methane * 464-10-8
3 2
1.57520 16.5 656.30 29A5 1.60290 16.5 434.00 29A5
1.59220 16.5 486.10 29A5 1.57900 20.0 589.00 33L2
905 CBr tetrabromo-methane 558-13-4
4
1.59419 99.5 656.30 29A5 1.62711 99.5 434.00 29A5
1.61442 99.5 486.10 29A5
906 CClF trifluoro-chloro-methane 75-72-9
3
1.15540 21.770 589.30 71S13 1.12550 27.860 589.30 71S13
1.14390 25.035 589.30 71S13 1.11600 28.473 589.30 71S13
1.13450 26.770 589.30 71S13 1.11050 28.650 589.30 71S13
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New Series III/38B
6 2.1 Pure liquids: data [Ref. p. 392
____________________________________________________________________________________
no. molecular formula chemical name CAS-registry number
n T/°C λ/nm Ref. n T/°C λ/nm Ref.
____________________________________________________________________________________
907 CClN O chloro-trinitro-methane * 1943-16-4
3 6
1.44730 14.9 656.30 29A5 1.44990 20.0 589.00 76F8
1.45860 14.9 486.10 29A5 1.44710 25.0 589.00 64Z13
908 CCl F dichloro-difluoro-methane 75-71-8
2 2
1.30800 5.0 589.30 60F21 1.29090 25.0 589.00 60F21
1.29500 20.0 589.00 60F21 1.28800 30.0 589.30 60F21
909 CCl N O dichloro-dinitro-methane * 1587-41-3
2 2 4
1.45600 20.0 589.00 76F8 1.46610 20.8 486.10 29A5
1.45580 20.8 656.30 29A5 1.47230 20.8 434.00 29A5
910 CCl S thiocarbonyl dichloride 463-71-8
2
911 CCl D trichloro-deuterio-methane * 865-49-6
3
912 CCl F trichloro-fluoro-methane * 75-69-4
3
1.40350 -14.0 589.00 60F21 1.37900 27.0 589.00 60F21
1.39710 - 3.5 589.00 60F21 1.39300 30.0 589.30 60F21
1.38240 20.0 589.00 60F21 1.36500 48.0 589.30 60F21
1.37940 25.0 589.00 60F21 1.34800 73.0 589.00 60F21
913 CCl I trichloro-iodo-methane * 594-22-9
3
914 CCl NO trichloro-nitro-methane * 76-06-2
3 2
1.45793 22.8 656.30 1895B3 1.46785 22.8 486.10 1895B3
1.46075 22.8 589.00 1895B3 1.47377 22.8 434.00 1895B3
915 CCl tetrachloro-methane * 56-23-5
4
1.47800 -20.0 694.30 69B9 1.48800 25.0 43000. 65R7
1.47200 -10.0 694.30 69B9 1.48900 25.0 40000. 65R7
1.46700 0.0 694.30 69B9 1.49000 25.0 38000. 65R7
1.46100 10.0 694.30 69B9 1.49400 25.0 35000. 65R7
1.46621 10.0 589.30 72R10 1.48600 25.0 30000. 65R7
1.46854 10.0 546.10 72R10 1.49200 25.0 26000. 65R7
1.47845 10.0 435.80 72R10 1.49700 25.0 25000. 65R7
1.46325 15.0 589.30 72R10 1.51100 25.0 21670. 65R7
1.46557 15.0 546.10 72R10 1.52500 25.0 19350. 65R7
1.47542 15.0 435.80 72R10 1.53300 25.0 18070. 65R7
1.45500 20.0 694.30 69B9 1.54900 25.0 17160. 65R7
1.45760 20.0 656.30 48V3 1.56300 25.0 16490. 65R7
1.46030 20.0 589.00 48V3 1.57500 25.0 15860. 65R7
1.46710 20.0 486.10 48V3 1.61800 25.0 14930. 65R7
1.47190 20.0 434.00 48V3 1.64300 25.0 14570. 65R7
1.48900 25.0 48000. 65R7 1.67700 25.0 14290. 65R7
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