Reforming Russian infrastructure for competition and efficiency

71 Pages·2001·0.368 MB·English

by  OECD

«
Reforming Russian
Infrastructure
for Competition
and Efficiency
© OECD, 2001.
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Reforming Russian
Infrastructure
for Competition
and Efficiency
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
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FOREWORD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, through its
Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members, has actively supported reform efforts in
the Russian Federation for the past decade. In the field of competition policy, this co-
operation has been particularly close and has encompassed work related to writing and
enforcing both the Antimonopoly Law (Law of the Russian Federation on Competition
and the Limitation of Monopolistic Activity on Goods Markets) and the Law on Natural
Monopolies, as well as the relationships between antimonopoly enforcement and
economic regulation.
Infrastructure sectors such as railroads, natural gas and electricity, and
telecommunications are important parts of the Russia economy both as regards size and
as a provider of vital inputs. They each have, at their heart, a natural monopoly element.
This means that applying competition policy to these sectors has implications for the
structure of the sector, the rules for access to the natural monopoly element, and the
ways in which universal access is ensured. The reform of these sectors can have an
enormous positive effect on the economy of the Russian Federation. However, reform
can also go awry.
One way to minimise the risks that reform fails is to understand the
successes and failures of reforms already undertaken elsewhere in the world. The
OECD undertook to provide the Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy and other ministries
with background information about these other reforms elsewhere and the opportunity
to question experts and policy makers who “lived through” these reforms. These high-
level policy meetings gave rise to summaries and conclusions, which were sent to the
Minister for Antimonopoly Policy, Mr. Yuzhanov, for his use in his own reform efforts.
The policy objectives of President Putin’s government include the
establishment of an efficient and effective regulatory regime that promotes competition
where possible and provides more effective protection to consumers in those spheres
where competition is not possible. The Government has highlighted this task both
generally in respect to natural monopolies and specifically concerning such sectors as
rail transport and power. Following a meeting between President Putin and Secretary-
General Johnston in October 2000, this was identified as a key item of upcoming work:
“The Russian government’s economic reform programme calls for a
competition policy approach to the regulation of infrastructure monopolies,
with a view to promoting investment, efficiency, and lower prices by
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introducing competition where possible and efficient regulation where
necessary. In December, the OECD will hold the first of several meetings
with the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy to discuss ways in which OECD
countries have dealt with these matters.”1
We are very pleased that Minister Yuzhanov has found the meetings and
summaries useful in policy formation in the Ministry, and in the government. We are
especially pleased that he has authorised us to share them with the wider world. Russia
is unique, and these summaries reflect that uniqueness. But many of the policy
considerations in Russia will also be important in many other countries. Thus, we feel
that it would be valuable to make the summaries widely available.
The opinions expressed in these proceedings do not necessarily represent
those of the OECD, its Member countries, or the Russian Federation.
These proceedings are published on the responsibility of the Secretary-
General of the OECD.
Eric Burgeat
Director
Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members

1. OECD Press Release 30 October 2000.
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PREFACE
Infrastructure sectors—and particularly railroads, telecommunications,
electricity and natural gas—are vital in providing necessities of life to the Russian
Federation’s citizenry and are key inputs into the rest of the economy. However, they
have not been serving the Russian population as well as they could have. One of the top
priorities of the Government in Russia is to reform the infrastructure sectors,
specifically in such sectors as rail transport and electric power, so that they provide their
goods and services more effectively and more according to the wishes of consumers.
Many infrastructure sectors have, at their heart, a natural monopoly. The
Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy and Support of Entrepreneurship, as the body
responsible for regulation of natural monopolies, is important to this reform effort. To
provide inputs for our policy formulation, I requested the OECD to organise high-level
meetings in which I, my staff, and other ministries could discuss the reform experiences
of other countries and their relevance to Russia’s current situation. At the end of each
meeting, the OECD Secretariat presented to me “summaries and conclusions” regarding
the discussion.
The Russian Federation has received useful advice on infrastructure sectors
in many contexts. The OECD summaries and conclusions, short and practical, have
proven extremely useful in formulating the proposals of the Ministry for Antimonopoly
Policy and have supported our work with the rest of government. An aspect of the
meetings that was particularly valuable was that neither the OECD nor any country tried
to impose its views on “what Russia should do.” Rather, we examined the experiences
of a number of countries and how those experiences might be relevant for the Russian
Federation.
While these summaries and conclusions were initially intended for the
Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy and the Promotion of Entrepreneurship, I am pleased
to be able to share them with the many others who, within Russia or beyond, have an
interest in reforming infrastructure sectors. These have been tailored to Russia, but it
seemed that enough of the summaries and conclusions were sufficiently general that
they would be of broader interest.
Ilya YUZHANOV
Minister, Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy
and Support of Entrepreneurship, Russian Federation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................9
The Railway Sector..........................................................................................11
Introduction....................................................................................................11
Establishing a Sound Commercial Environment............................................12
Promoting Competition..................................................................................14
Managing the Transition.................................................................................21
Conclusions....................................................................................................22
The Telecommunications Sector.....................................................................25
Introduction....................................................................................................25
Background.....................................................................................................25
Principal Issues...............................................................................................26
Conclusion......................................................................................................31
The Electricity Sector......................................................................................33
Introduction....................................................................................................33
Market Power in Electricity Markets..............................................................34
Restructuring for Competition........................................................................36
Transmission Pricing and Access...................................................................39
Universal Service............................................................................................40
Relationships Between Institutions and Laws................................................41
Transition........................................................................................................43
Summary of Recommendations......................................................................43
The Natural Gas Sector...................................................................................47
Introduction....................................................................................................47
Background.....................................................................................................47
Regulation of the Natural Monopoly Parts of the Natural Gas Industry........50
Other Issues....................................................................................................61
Conclusion......................................................................................................63
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