Reformatted: Code, Networks, and the Transformation of the Music Industry

223 Pages·2014·7.505 MB·English

by  Andrew Leyshon

Thiem paocfdt i gitteaclh noolnto hgey
musieccaoln ohmabyse epnr ofound. From
itpsr oduction,d irsetprriobduutcitoino,n ,
ancdo nsumtphtaeid ovneo,nf t MaPn3d
thues oeft hien tearsanm eetd ioufm
distrihbabusrt oiuoagnbh otau s ti gnificant
transfoirntm haweta iyto hnma uts iisc
madheo,wi i tps u rchaansldei ds tteon,e d
ands,i gnifhiocwta hnmetu lsyie,cc aoln omy
itsieaslb flt eor eproidtusceel f.
Itnh lea 1t9e9 0tsho eb scure practice
of' riptpriancgk'sC Dtsfh rroomtu hguehs e
ofc omprepsrsoigorna wmamtse rsa nsformed
frotmhi el lheogbaoblfay f etwh ousand
compustpeerc itaoalp irsatcsat viaciel able
tom illoifpo enospw loer ldtwhirdoeu gh
thdee veloopfpm eeenrt- tcoo-mppeuetre r
netwoTrhkicsso. n titnohu aevisem portant
implicfaottrhi veoi nasb oiftl himetu ys ical
econoAmtty h.se a mtei mteh,pe r oduction
ofm ushiacbs e commoera ec cesasnitdbh lee
roolfke e gya tekeientp heiern sd ustry-such
asr eccoormdp aannirdee sc ording studios­
habse en undewrhmitilhnsieetn d c,r eased
accessoifmb uislaiitrct e yd uccoevsdit ta h e
intehranrsee tv alloirpvieesr efdo ramnadn ce,
nowg enerraetveesnh uiegsht ehrar ne corded
musTihcee.a rtlwye ntyc-efnitrhusartsy
provainde exdt raorcdaissneta uordfayy n
induisnft lruayxn o,dn teh atth rolwisgo hnt
three latiboentswhecieupnl taunerdce o nomy,
anbde twepeans sainocdna lculTahtiiso n.
boopkr ovait dheeso regtriocuanldleyd
accoouftn htie m plicoafdt iigointsa l
technoolnto hmgeuy s ieccaoln oamnyd,
develtohcpeos n coeftp htme u sinceatlw ork
tou nderstthtaern adn sfoorftm haitsi on
econoomvyes rp aacnetd h rotuigmhe .
AndrLeewy sihPsor no foeEfsc soonro mic
Geograattph Uheny i voeNfro stittiyn gham.
Heh aasu thaonreded dis teevdbe oroakls
anpdu bloivs1eh0rea0 dc adpeampiaecnr ds
chapHtipesur bsl.i icnactTlihuoedn esS A GE
HandboofEo cko noGmeiocg r(apShAyG E,
201)G1,e ograpohfti heNese wE conomy
(Rout2l0e0dA7gl)te,e, rn aEtciovneo mic
Geographie2s0(0SaA3nG)MEd,o, n ey/Space:
Geograopfmh oineest tarrayn sformation
(Rout1l9e9dI7g2n)e0 .,0h 7ew aesl ected
asa nA cadeomtfih cAeic aando eSfmo yc ial
Scieannhcdeei a ssF eloltfoh wRe o yal
GeograSpohciiceatly .
REFORMATTED

Reformatted
CodNee,t woarntkdhs Te,r ansformation
otfh Meu sIincd ustry
ANDREWL EYSHON
OXFORD
UNIVERSIPTRYE SS
OXFORD
UN!VllllSIPTRYE SS
GreCalta rSetnrdOeoxenfot Or,Xd 62,D P,
UniKtiendg dom
OxfUonridv Perresiasisd st e yp arottfmh Ueenn itv oeOfrx sfoirtdy.
Iftu rtthhUeen risv eorbsjietocyeft'x iscv eeil rnle esnecsaecr hcohl,a rship,
anedd ucbaypt uibolnwi osrhlidnOwgxi fidoaserr .de gitsrtamedareroe kfd
OxfoUrndi vPerresistinsht U eyKa nidcn e rottahcieonru ntries
©A ndrLeewy s2h0o1n4
Thmeo rrailgo htfth aseu thhaobvree ae sns erted
FiErdsitpt uibolnii 2ns0 h1e4d
Impre1s sion:
Alrli grhetsseN rvope ador.tft h piusb limcabayert eiporno sdtuoicrnee dd,
ar etriseyvsaottlrer ma,n simanin fotyrt omebr dy a, n mye awnist,th hoeu t
prpieorrm iiswnsr iiootOfnix nfogUr ndi vPerresosiarstse ,y x pressly permitted
byl awl,i cboeyrun ncdteee r1a mgsrew eidtt hhae p prorperpiraotger aphics
righotrsg anEinzqautciiorionencs.er renpirnoogdu utctsthisiedco eono p tfeh e
abosvheob uesl edtn toth R ei gDhetpsa rOtxmfeUonnrtid,v Perresasittsth ,ye
addarbeosvse
Yomuu nsotct i rctuhwlioasrit aknen oyt hfoerrm
anydo muu ismtp tohssieas mc eo ndoinat niayoc nq uirer
Publiitnsh Uhene idSt teaodtAf em se rbiyOc xaf Uonridv Perressist y
19M8a diAsvoennN ueeYw,o rNkY1, 0 0U1n6i,St teaodtAf em se rica
BriLtiibsCrhaa trayl ioPngu ubilniDgca attai on
Daatvaa ilable
LiborCfao rnyg CreosnsNt urmobl2e 0r1:4 933807
ISB9N7 8-0-19-957241-0
Prinatnebddo ubnyd
CPGIr o(uUpKL )tC dr,o yCdRo4OnY ,Y
Lintktosh piarrwdte yb sairptere osvb iyOd xefodir gndo ofadia tnhd
foirn formoantlOiyxo.fond r ids calnaryie mssp onfosrti hmbeai tleirtiya ls
contiaanin ntyeh pdia rrwdte ybr seifteeir tneh nwicoser dk .
FoLri nSdoap,ah niTdeo ,m

Preface
Inh ibso oakb otuhthe i stooftr hyme u siincd uAsptrpyef,to irt e
Self-Destmruusjciotcui ronSnat,le Kivnseat p (p2e0r0 9) adne scribes
internmautsicioocnn avlec natlitlooaen dd d rtehwseis d e-reaching
implicoafant eidwoi ngsti etcahln odleovgeilcoatplhmh aeattnd ht e
potetnott iraaln stfohmreum s ieccaoln oTmhyae.d vocoaftt heiss
netwe clhonmgoayd beic gl aiamrsg,ut ihniawgtta lsi kteohl ayva e
signiifmipcoaacntnt htr e e cboursdi ansiew tso su blevd e proyp ular
witmhu sciocn suamneldre sta oda nu npreceedroeafgn rtoewdt h
anedx panIstsisuo pnp.o wrhtwoee rrmsea, i nblaysi entd e chnology
compawneirkeees et,nh r aetc coormdp asnhioebuselc do nvetrot ed
itmse raintpdsr omtohtceeo nveorfmsu isocinac t alotghnueee ws to
formsaott h raetc loarbdae nltdse chncoolmopgayn iweosu blaedl ike
abtlose h airnte h ceo mibnogn aHnozwae.vt ehtree, c hncoolmo­gy
paneyx ecutthhiaavtbd ee en dteomp auktteeh cdea fosret hnee w
formfoautn idht a rtdog etth rotuohg iahsu dioefsn ecneri eocro rd
compeaxneyc uItnidveKeensda.,p rpeeproh rotwts h reoyu nodne d
hima,r gufoirncge afuglaliytn htseet c hnionlsoigtsyht,iai wttno gu ld
nodtr irveev eunpbu uertsa, t whoeural,cd t uallym olnoeAsyse. them
fara st hree ccoormdp awneirceeos n cetrhnneee dfow,r mawto uld
merefalcyi lwihtatathti een dudsetsrcyra is'b peidro artc hyge:e n­
eratoifio lnlc eogpaoilfce osp ytreimdga hteIrnia adld.ia tlitloh ne,
recocrodm pahnaicdeo sn sidseurncakob slitens v eisnct aepdi tal
equipwmietnmhtai nnu factfuarciiwnlhgii twcioheu snl,od bw e fo r­
gonaen,td h ceo sotfas d juswtomueblnedct o nsidTehrteae bclhe­.
nolocogmyp raenwpya tsa kaebna 'cwIka :fos r tutnhaetwreee r en't
anryo tttoemna itnto hereso o.m.[ .ot rh]we oyu hladvt eh rotwhne m
amte ('q uoitnKe nda p2p0e0r29,3: ) .
There volunteiwofo nramrabyte ipnigt cthote hdme u siinc­
duswtarnsyo ats,y omui grheta soenxapbeMlcPyt3 i, nt hmei d
tol a1t9e9 b0usrt a tthhecero mpdaicistnct heea r1l9y8 0st-haet
198I1n ternMautsiIioncnd aulCs otnrfeyr iennA cteh etnobs ep re­
cisIenh. i ndstihgoehp tp,o stiott hiieon nt rodouftc htCeiD bo yn
reccoormdp anies sTheeed misg iatbaslu rrodeft.fo h irenm ­atting
dusutsrhye irnae dg oelrdfoaeri n n duasspt ercrya peixtpae nditure