Reflexives in Japanese

281 Pages·2011·0.53 MB·English

ABSTRACT
Titleofdissertation: REFLEXIVES IN JAPANESE
Maki Kishida, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011
Dissertationdirectedby: Professor Norbert Hornstein
Department of Linguistics
The purpose of this dissertation is to reconsider reflexives in Japanese through the
followingthreesteps: (a)separationofgenuinereflexiveelementsfromelementsthatare
confounded as reflexives, (b) classification of reflexive anaphors into subtypes based on
theirsemanticdifference,and(c)classificationofpredicatesthatoccurwithanaphors.
Many researchers have worked on the reflexive element zibun ‘self,’ but Japanese
has other reflexive elements as well. These elements including zibun have not only
the reflexive anaphor usage but also other ones. All the instances are, however, often
lumped together under the category ‘reflexives.’ I distinguish genuine reflexive anaphors
inJapanesefromelementsthatareconfoundedasreflexiveelements,byscrutinizingtheir
syntacticandsemanticpropertiesandbehavioraldifferences.
Further, I claim that reflexive anaphors are classified into two subtypes as ‘Pure
reflexive anaphors’ and ‘Near reflexive anaphors’ (Lidz, 1996, 2001a,b) based on their
semantic property. Observing several languages from different language families, I pro-
posethatthereisaparametricvariationwithrespecttothetwo-typedistinctionofreflex-
ive anaphors among languages. In languages like Japanese, anaphors in the form of affix
are Pure reflexive anaphors, while non-affixal anaphors are Near reflexive anaphors. On
the other hand, in languages like Dutch, the morphological composition (complexity) of
anaphor corresponds to the two-type anaphor distinction. What yields this variation is
alsodiscussed.
In considering reflexives, it is important to know the nature of reflexive anaphors,
but it is also essential to understand the nature of predicates that occur with an anaphor.
OneoftheunsolvedquestionsintheresearchofreflexivesinJapaneseisthattheanaphor
zibun cannot take a local antecedent when it occurs with a certain type of verb, although
anaphors should be locally bound. Several studies have demonstrated that the availabil-
ity of local binding of an anaphor depends on the property of its cooccuring predicate
(Reinhart and Reuland, 1993, Bergeton, 2004, among others). Discussing how the type
of reflexive and the type of predicate relate, I propose a way to categorize predicates in
Japanese into subtypes based on the analysis in Bergeton (2004). By going through the
threesteps,Igiveananswertotheunsolvedquestion.
Reflexives in Japanese
by
Maki Kishida
DissertationsubmittedtotheFacultyoftheGraduateSchoolofthe
UniversityofMaryland,CollegeParkinpartialfulfillment
oftherequirementsforthedegreeof
DoctorofPhilosophy
2011
AdvisoryCommittee:
ProfessorNorbertHornstein,Chair
ProfessorHowardLasnik
ProfessorJeffreyLidz
ProfessorToniaBleam
External: ProfessorSamuelRobertRamsey
⃝c Copyright by
Maki Kishida
2011
Acknowledgements
At last, I have reached the stage where I write the ‘Acknowledgements’ part of my
thesis, and I realize that numerous number of people have helped me finish this disser-
tation and survive my doctoral course in UMD. In my first year, I was unfamiliar with
everything. The one year seemed long like five years. However, the five years I spent
went so fast, and now I feel the five years were really short like one year. Here, I would
liketothankallthepeoplewhohavesupportedmeinthesefiveyears.
Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyadvisorandthechair
of my dissertation committee, Norbert Hornstein. He has been supportive of me in the
academic and other parts of my life in UMD. His comments, criticisms and suggestions
onmyresearchhelpmedeepenmythoughtsandimprovemywork. Withouthisconstant
supportandencouragement,Icouldnothavecompletedeverythinginthedoctoralcourse.
Iamverygratefultoothercommitteemembers: HowardLasnik,JeffreyLidz,Tonia
Bleam and Samuel Robert Ramsey. I learn a lot from Howard’s constructive comments
andsuggestionsonmydissertationaswellasothersyntaxpapersincludingmy895paper.
I am honored to have Jeff, the author of the papers that I adopt in my work, in my thesis
committee. I really appreciate his in-depth comments and sharp questions on my work.
The fruitful discussion that I had with Tonia really helped me improve my dissertation,
and her considerate message before my defense made me much less nervous. I thank
Professor Ramsey not only for accepting the role of Dean’s Representative but also for
giving me delicate comments on Japanese and Korean data and informative notes on
Koreanreflexives.
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Iamthankfultootherfacultymembersandstufffortheirsupport. IthankValentine
Hacquardforpatientlyansweringmyquestionsinmeetingandviae-mails,givingmethe
interestingtopicthatIworkedoninmyminorareapaperandsupervisingthepaper. Iam
grateful to Peggy Antonisse, Justin Nuger and Tonia Bleam. I learned a lot by working
with them as a teaching assistant: not only their advice in teaching but all the experience
they gave me are also appreciated. I also thank Kathi Faulkingham, Kim Kwok and Rob
Mageefortheirhelpinadministrativeprocedures.
I cannot list all the names, but I thank my colleague students in the department. I
thank my classmates: Greg Cogan, Tim Hawes, So-One Huang, Johannes Jurka, Ilknur
Oded, Ariane Rhone and Josh Riley. Especially, I thank Ilknur for being my officemate
for five years. I am also grateful to Chizuru Nakao for being a good friend and great
mentor in both linguistics and private life, Akira Omaki for being my roommate for four
years and helping me find the delight of wine, and Eri Takahashi for teaching me many
techniques in TAing as well as for being a good friend. Advice and encouragement from
Takuya Goro and Masaya Yoshida have supported me. Discussing on reflexives with
Rebecca McKeown is always fun. Chatting in Japanese with Kenshi Funakoshi, Sayaka
Funakoshi-Goto,NahoOrita,andHisakoandMasahikoTakahashirelaxesmealot. Also,
IthankShitiMalhotraforbeingagoodfriendandfororganizingtheafterdefensedinner.
I owe a lot to the visiting scholars to the department as well: Jun Abe, Hee-don
Ahn, Verónica Figueroa, Sungshim Hong, Sun-Woong Kim, Mitsue Motomura and Shin
Tanigawa. I was really lucky to have Jun and Mitsue who have worked on zibun, the
Japanesereflexiveelement,andgladthatIcoulddiscussseveralzibunissueswiththem.
Myappreciationsalsogotomycolleaguesatotherinstitutionsfortheirconstructive
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comments and suggestions: Jaehoon Choi, Samuel Epstein, Takao Gunji, Heidi Harley,
Hajime Hoji, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, Sachie Kotani, Kenjiro Matsuda, Michinao Matsui,
Shigeru Miyagawa, Keiko Murasugi, Taisuke Nishigauchi, Miki Obata, Yosuke Sato,
Bonnie Schwartz, T Daniel Seely, Andrew Simpson, Satoshi Tomioka, Asako Uchibori,
KamilUdDeen,HiroyukiUra,JohnWhitmanandMasahiroYamada. Myspecialthanks
go to Miki for being a good friend and great ‘counselor’ and Yosuke for being a good
collaborator. I am grateful to Taisuke who supervised my MA thesis in Japan for being
supportive even after I came to UMD. I must thank Joseph Emonds too: if I had not met
himinmysenioryear,Iwouldnothavekeptdoinglinguistics.
I am indebted to my non-linguist friends in Maryland and in Japan for their friend-
ship, and some of them for giving me the Japanese judgements: Kyoko Adachi (+ other
Baton friends), Keiko Arai, Ray Cho, Akiko Hirooka, Mike Hull, Shoko Inoue (+ other
Shoinfriends),MomokoandMasakiIshikawa,MioandYuIzumi,YukariKitano,Emica
Mehrer,TetsuakiNakano,ShizukaNakayamaandMariYasumoto(+otherKCfriends).
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my families. My deepest appreci-
ation goes to my parents, Mami and Mitsuo Kishida, for allowing me, in addition to my
brotherKohei,tostudyintheUnitedStatesandgivingmeaconstantsupportfromJapan.
I also thank Kohei for setting me a good example of a scholar enjoying a doctoral course
in the United States and for making me brave enough to pursue a Ph.D in UMD. I thank
my grandparents for their affection: I just regret that I could not see my grandfathers,
HikoNikaidoandIchiheiKishida,againandthatIcouldnottellthemthatIgetadoctoral
degree. I am grateful to the Yamamoto family too for their support: they are so kind and
understanding,andIfeelreallyluckytobeamemberofsuchagreatfamily. Myheartfelt
iv
thanksgotoMahitoYamamotoforhislove,supportandencouragement. Icouldnothave
finished this dissertation without him. I can never thank him enough. This dissertation is
dedicatedtoallofthem.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ii
TableofContents vi
ListofAbbreviations viii
1 Introduction 1
2 ReflexiveandApparent-reflexiveelementsinJapanese 7
2.1 Zibun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 ReflexiveZibun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Non-reflexive Zibun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2.1 Empathic Zibun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2.2 LogophoricZibun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2.3 Subject-orientation“counterexamples” . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.2.4 Zibuninotherusages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2 Zibun-zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.1 ReflexiveZibun-zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.2 Non-reflexive Zibun-zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.2.1 Empathic Zibun-zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.2.2 LogophoricZibun-zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.2.3 Locality-requirement“counterexamples” . . . . . . . . 52
2.2.2.4 Zibun-zisininotherusages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3 Zi-/Ziko-affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.1 ReflexiveZi-/Ziko- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.1.1 Notall Zi-/Ziko-verbsarereflexiveverbs . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.1.2 Genuinereflexive Zi-/Ziko-verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.2 Non-reflexive Zi-/Ziko- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.3.2.1 Non-reflexiveZi-verbswithoutobjects . . . . . . . . . 80
2.3.2.2 Non-reflexiveZi-/Ziko-verbswithobjects . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.4 Otherelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.1 Zisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.2 Ziko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4.3 Mizukara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.5 Chaptersummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
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3 DifferencesamongReflexives 108
3.1 ReinhartandReuland(1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.1 Reflexivizeranaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.2 Reflexive-markedpredicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.2 Lidz(1996,2001a,b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.2.1 PurereflexiveandNearreflexiveanaphors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.2.2 Reflexivitymarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3 Liu(2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.1 Focusoperatoranaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.2 PureIdentityandPureReflexivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4 DifferenceamongreflexivesinJapanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4.1 ReflexivizeranaphorinJapanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4.2 PurereflexiveandNearreflexiveanaphorsinJapanese . . . . . . 140
3.4.3 FocusoperatoranaphorinJapanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.5 Chaptersummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4 ClassificationofReflexives 152
4.1 Two-wayclassificationofreflexivesinlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.1.1 EvidencefromJapanese: Zibun,Zibun-zisinandZiko- . . . . . . 155
4.1.2 Moreevidence: ZisinandMizukara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2 Parametricvariationamonglanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.2.1 Morphologicallysimplexandcomplexanaphors . . . . . . . . . 183
4.2.2 Affixalandnon-affixalanaphors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.2.3 Amongvariations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.3 Chaptersummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5 PredicatesandReflexives 215
5.1 Backwardbinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.2 Typesofpredicateandreflexive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.2.1 Classificationofpredicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.2.2 ClassificationofJapanesepredicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.2.3 Predicatesandreflexives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.3 Chaptersummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
6 ThesisSummary 255
Bibliography 258
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