Reflections on the Human Condition: Change - API Fellowships

468 Pages·2008·10.63 MB·English

Reflections on the Human Condition:
Change, Conflict and Modernity
The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
Asian Public Intellectuals Program
Reflections on the Human Condition:
Change, Conflict and Modernity
The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
© The Nippon Foundation
First published 2007
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from The Nippon Foundation Fellowship for Asian Public Intellectuals Program.
A PDF version of this book is available online at http://www.api-fellowships.org
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CONTENTS
About the Book v
Acknowledgements vi
The Contributors vii
SPEECHES
Unity of Knowledge and Action x
YOHEI SASAKAWA
Building the East Asia’s Future: The Challenges We Must Face, the Responsibilities We Must Bear xii
RAJA NAZRIN SHAH IBNI SULTAN AZLAN SHAH
Openning Remarks xviii
ABDUL RAHMAN EMBONG
INTRODUCTION
Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity xxi
ABDUL RAHMAN EMBONG
SESSION I: HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONFLICT
New Hypotheses Resulting From Gua Sirih Research, Sarawak 1
WILHELM G. SOLHEIM II
Past Periphery: Curation in Southeast Asia 9
PATRICK D. FLORES
Once Upon a Time in Phuket: Changing Identities among the 24
Baba Chinese and Thai Muslims in a Tourist Paradise
KHOO SU NIN (SALMA) NASUTION
Policy and Legislation in Community Forestry: 39
Study on Indigenous Rights within Community
Forestry Development in Southeast Asia
I NYOMAN NURJAYA
Scarcity of and Conflict over Resources: Chom Thong Water Conflict 59
KENSUKE YAMAGUCHI
SESSION II: ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDER, AND ART
Islam Post-9/11: Trends and Opportunities for Modernization in Indonesia: A Case Study 68
ASKIAH MOHD. ADAM
Dissidents and Disciples: The Geography of Islam in Indonesia 81
SHAMILA ANNIE BINTI MOHAMED ARIFFIN
Globalization, Gender and Sexuality: Malaysian and Philippine Articulations 98
ELIZABETH UY EVIOTA
“The Women Actually Wanted to Die”: Art as Transport-Station of Trauma, 109
Memory and Mourning in Works by Malaysian and Japanese Women Artists
FLAUDETTE MAY V. DATUIN
Creating Alternatives for Contemporary Artists in Southeast Asia 119
MIZUKI ENDO
“Asianizing” Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity 124
Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand
RUDYARD C. PESIMO
SESSION III: CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH
Globalization of Fatness: Cultural, Social, and Economic Perception of Obesity in Southeast Asia 161
WAN ABDUL MANAN WAN MUDA
Team Building and Simulation of HIV Outbreak at a Sentinel Site in the Philippines 177
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SEIJI KAGEYAMA
Re-Negotiating the Social Contract: Health Systems in Transition in East and Southeast Asia 188
CHAN CHEE KHOON
Research on Medicinal Plants in Thailand between 1998-2002: The Bibliometrics Approach 207
AMBAR YOGANINGRUM
SESSION IV: THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZATION
Redefining the Japanese Self Defense Forces: Lessons in Forging a Global Identity 218
ROSALIE B. ARCALA HALL
Free Trade in Asian Agriculture: An Economic Perspective of Thailand 239
ZAMRONI
The Indonesian Rail System and the Problems of Safety: Comparison with and Lesson from Japan 254
INDRI H. SUSILOWATI
Local Government-led Export Processing Zone Projects 266
MIHO SAKUMA
Gene Revolution and its Impact on Farmers: A Comparative Study 286
between Indonesia and the Philippines
PENNAPA HONGTHONG
SESSION V: EMPOWERING THE POOR AND THE VULNERABLE
Empowering the Urban Poor through IT Training: Project for the Urban Poor in Manila 300
AKIRA SATO
The Homeless in the Metropolis: A Study of Problems in Five Japanese Cities, and Manila and Jakarta 308
SUWIT WATNOO
Management of the Homeless in Tokyo and Manila: Some Lessons for Thailand 325
BOONLERT VISETPRICHA
Japanese and Malaysian Health and Education Strategies for Child Welfare Development 336
ISBANDI RUKMINTO ADI
Reintegration Program for Thai Returnees:
A Case Study of Thai Migrants in Japan and Comparison with Filipino Experience 348
KANNIKA ANGSUTHANASOMBAT
SESSION VI: SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Towards Successful Access to Land?
A Case Study of Success and Failure of Land Reform in the Philippines and Indonesia 362
PETRUS-DAMIANUS PRASETYOHADI
Issues and Problems in Disseminating “Universal Human Rights” in Local Communities: 375
Through the Efforts of the National Human Rights Institutions in the Philippines and Malaysia
MARIKO AKUZAWA
Japanese Civil Society in Combating Corruption 389
PORNTHIP APISITWASANA
Development and Problems of the Local Media Principles and Rationales 410
KOKAEW WONGPHAN
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Workshop Schedule 422
Appendix II: Workshop Participants 423
Appendix III: Abstracts of Papers 426
Appendix IV: Workshop Summary 433
Contact Details 439
Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity
The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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ABOUT THE BOOK
Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity, is a collected work of the 2004/2005 Asian
Public Intellectuals (API) Fellows. The 29 papers (30 presentations, 29 published papers) cover key areas as heritage,
identity, change and conflict; engaging modernity: religion, gender, and art; changing lifestyle and health; the state,
development and globalization; empowering the poor and the vulnerable; and social justice, human rights, and civil
society. API publications can be downloaded at http://www.api-fellowships.org.
The API Fellowships Program
As Asia enters the 21st century, it faces political, economic, and social challenge that transcends national boundaries.
To meet these challenges, the region needs a pool of intellectuals willing to be active in the public sphere who
can articulate common concerns and propose creative solutions. Recognizing that opportunities for intellectual
exchange are currently limited by institutional, linguistic, and cultural parameters, The Nippon Foundation (TNF)
has launched the Asian Public Intellectuals (API) Fellowships Program 8 July 2000. The Program’s primary aim is
to promote mutual learning among Asian public intellectuals and contribute to the growth of wider public spaces
in which effective responses to regional needs can be generated.
The API Fellowships Program is open to academics, researchers, media professionals, artists, creative writers, non-
governmental organization (NGO) activists, social workers, public servants and others with moral authority, who
are committed to working for the betterment of society by applying their professional knowledge, wisdom and
experience. It is designed to stimulate the creation of a pool of such intellectuals in the region.
Each participating country—Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—has a designated academic
institution called Partner Institution. Representatives of these Partner Institutions comprise the API Executive
Committee that discusses and decides on program policies in consultation with The Nippon Foundation.
A Coordinating Institution, selected on a rotational basis amongst the Partner Institutions, manage the Program
regionally.
• The three main themes determined are:
• Changing identities and their social, historical, and cultural contexts;
• Reflections on the human condition and the quest for social justice; and
• The current structure of globalization and possible alternatives.
Within these themes, the Fellows are required to:
• Propose and carry out a research and/or professional activities in a participating country or countries other than
their native country or country of residence;
• Conduct research and/or professional activities in compliance with the schedule accepted by the Selection
Committee;
• Attend the API Workshop to exchange results of their research and/or professional activities with other fellows;
• Disseminate their findings and results to a wider audience; and
• Pursue a deeper knowledge of each other, and hence of the region.
The API Follow-Up Grant was initiated in 2004-2005 to encourage API Fellows to undertake collaborative work.
The Nippon Foundation
The Nippon Foundation (TNF) is an independent, non-profit, grant making organization that was founded in
1962. It supports projects both in Japan and overseas. It funds activities in three areas: social welfare and volunteer
support; maritime research and development; and overseas cooperative assistance. It works with other non-profit
organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and international organizations.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Institute of Asian Studies (IAS) of the Chulalongkorn University, the API Coordinating Institution from 2005,
is grateful for the following:
The API Fellows for writing their papers and revising them whenever necessary for content and technical purposes;
The 4th API International Workshop Director Abdul Rahman Embong who guided the Fellows through their
conference papers and final write-ups; TNF Executive Director Tatsuya Tanami; TNF International Program
Manager Michiko Taki; Director of the Institute of Asian Studies (IAS), Chulalongkorn University Supang
Chantanavich; and the API Program Directors, Coordinators, and Assistants for their valuable cooperation; and
Anna Liza Magno who handled majority of the technical editing and collaboratively oversaw the production of the
book.
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THE CONTRIBUTORS
(The information as of November 2005, in alphabetical order according to names as they are spelt)
AKIRA SATO is the NGO Chief Director of the Employment Development Support Association (EDSA) in
Japan. He was a volunteer staff at the Nippon International Cooperation for Community Development.
AMBAR YOGANINGRUM is a researcher at the Center for Scientific Documentation and Information, The
Indonesian Institute of Sciences. She has written on medicinal plants, pharmaceutical science, patents and property
rights, and bibliometrics and did a scientific database on Indonesian indigenous herbs. She completed her Master in
Public Health at the University of Indonesia and studied Information Management in Australia.
ASKIAH BINTI MOHD. ADAM is a freelance writer and consultant in Malaysia. She is also the Director of IMT
Defence Sdn, Bhd. As a member of the “Sisters in Islam”, she has been actively involved in organizing the groups’
conferences, seminars, workshops and public talks to bring about a woman-friendly perspective in Islam.
BOONLERT VISETPRICHA is a lecturer at the Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology, Thammasat University,
Thailand. He has been working on the issue of urban poor, working for homeless people in Thailand and organizing
to bridge slum community while working at Human Settlement Foundation.
CHAN CHEE KHOON is Associate Professor at the Universiti Sains Malaysia and has written extensively
on public health and health care reforms. He is a health policy analyst, advocate and consultant to various
groups including the Citizen Health Initiative, Global Health Watch, People’s Health Movement,
Coalition to Oppose the Privatization of Healthcare, and Federation of Malaysian Consumer Associations.
ELIZABETH UY EVIOTA is a lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila
University and consultant to NGOs, government and international development agencies on gender and
development. She has published extensively on political economy of gender, gendered work, poverty, development,
and the state in the Philippines in the Asian context.
FLAUDETTE MAY V. DATUIN is Associate Professor at the Department of Art Studies, University of the
Philippines-Diliman. She is one of the editors of www.trauma-interrupted.org, and has been involved in gender
and development studies both as an academic and a resource person or a consultant for NGOs and international
development agencies.
INDRI HAPSARI SUSILOWATI is a lecturer at the Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of
Public Health, University of Indonesia and a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Occupational and Environmental
Health in Japan. Her area of interest is ergonomics.
I NYOMAN NURJAYA was formerly the Dean and currently a lecturer of the Post-Graduate School of Law of the
Brawijaya University, Indonesia and member of the Indonesia Environmental Law Lecturer Association, Indonesia
Anthropologist Association, and the Commission of Folk Law and Legal Pluralism. He completed his
doctoral degree on legal anthropology at the University of Indonesia and was researcher, legal expert and drafter
to various academic, government and NGO initiatives with special interests on environmental and community
development.
ISBANDI RUKMINTO ADI is the head of the Social Welfare Post-Graduate Program of the Department of
Social Welfare, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Indonesia and head of the of the Center for
Child, Family, and Community Empowerment. He has published teaching materials, books, and articles on social
welfare and community development, and on maternal and child care.
KANNIKA ANGSUTHANASOMBAT has done researches on Thai migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong,
female labor returnees in Thailand, and reintegration model for Thai worker returnees. She translated a handbook
for Thai women migrants and worked as Coordinator of Friends of Thai, a support group for Thai domestic workers
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in Hong Kong.
KENSUKE YAMAGUCHI is a researcher at the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. He is engaged with
an interdisciplinary research team on the Impact of WTO Agreement on Agricultural Water Use in Thailand.
KHOO SU NIN (SALMA) NASUTION is a local historian and heritage advocate. She is the coordinator of the
Lestari Heritage Network and director of Areca Books. She was secretary of the Penang Heritage Trust and was
coordinator of the Penang Global Ethic Project.
KOKAEW WONGPHAN is a freelance journalist and a contributor to www.prachathai.com. She has written
on civil issues, Thai local issues, politics, environment, culture, and art. She is also a volunteer of the Thai Action
Committee for Democracy in Burma.
MARIKO AKUZAWA is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Human Science and Environment, University of
Hyogo, Japan. She is also a visiting researcher at Kyoto Human Rights Research Institute and a program planning
and management committee member of Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (HURIGHTS OSAKA).
She has participated in various social activities abroad; particularly as a resource person at Sub-regional Training
Workshop on Human Education in Northeast Asian, sponsored by United Nations and Ministry of Foreign Affairs
in Korea, 1999.
MIHO SAKUMA is a Ph.D. candidate at the Kobe University and a Visiting Research Fellow at the National
College of Public Administration and Governance, University of Philippines. Since she joined the Ship for
Southeast Asian Youth Program (SSEAYP) in 1994, she has been fascinated by the Southeast Asian people and
culture. She majored in the Philippines politics and public administration.
MIZUKI ENDO is the Chief Director of RHYTHM, NPO. He was the Networking Curator for the Singapore
Biennale 2006. His exhibition “Aesthetics/Dietics” was awarded the Enter Prize in the 3rd Annual Premio Lorenzo
Bonaldi per l’Arte of the Galleria d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea de Bergamo, Italy in 2005.
PATRICK D. FLORES is Professor at the Department of Art Studies, University of the Philippines – Diliman. He
helped set-up the Philippine National Art Gallery, curated exhibitions and developed educational materials. He has
got various awards; particularly Best Book of Chancellor’s Award, entitled Printing History: Revisions in Philippines
Colonial Art.
PETRUS DAMIANUS is researcher/editor at the Kemala Foundation and program officer and media campaigner
on conflict transformation for the Central Maluku conflicts. He worked as researcher journalist, editor with various
groups focusing on democratization and political affairs. He completed his Master of Arts in Islamic Studies at the
Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies in Italy and Strata-1 in Philosophy at the Institute of Philosophy
in Indonesia.
PENNAPA HONGTHONG is a reporter of one of Thailand’s major English daily, The Nation. She has written
on environmental and scientific-related issues, particularly biotechnology; international trade and intellectual
property rights; impacts of globalization and modern technology to developing countries.
PORNTHIP APISITWASANA is a legal consultant and researcher with special interests on the right to know and
citizen’s participation. She was a founding member of the Public Law Association in Thailand. After completing
her Master of Laws specializing on Japan’s Information Disclosure Law from Kyushu University in Japan, she was
involved with various public interest groups such as the Sub-Commission on Human Rights Education, Thailand
Research Fund, and Public Forum on Poverty Eradication.
ROSALIE B. ARCALA HALL is Assistant Professor at the Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines
in the Visayas. She previously completed a research project on local civil-military engagements in counter
insurgency operations with the U.P. Center for Integrative and Development Studies. She and her husband run the
Friends of the UPV Library project, an ongoing book drive in the US and Japan to enhance the collection of the
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University of the Philippines in the Visayas library.
RUDYARD C. PESIMO is a lecturer at the Department of Digital Arts and Computer Animation, College of
Computer Studies, Ateneo de Naga University, Philippines; he also supports animation schools in the Bicol Re-
gion. He is a consultant for visual effects for ABS-CBN television network and consultant for Anime to The Japan
Foundation in the Philippines.
SEIJI KAGEYAMA is Associate Professor at the Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan. He has been involved in the project of viral infection
control, mainly on AIDS and other blood borne-infections. In 1998, he received a patent on “Retrovirus” which
was newly recognized HIV-2 sequences based on peptide mapping.
SHAMILA ANNIE BINTI MOHAMED ARIFFIN is a research and media officer at the Consumers’ Association
of Penang and Friends of the Earth Malaysia. She has worked as a teacher, research officer and production assistant
and has written articles on penan community in Sarawak, ethnic relations and racial prejudice, and homosexuals
and human rights. Her other interests are theater and film.
SUWIT WATNOO (d. 2007) was a member and secretary-general of the Human Settlement Foundation and
adviser of the Assembly of the Poor and the Provincial Slum Network. He served as secretary-general of the October’s
People Network and the Campaign for Popular Democracy; and was a key leader of the People’s Alliance for
Democracy in Thailand.
WAN ABDUL MANAN WAN MUDA is Professor at the School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
His research areas are obesity, nutrition and environment, quality of life, academic freedom and civil society and
continues to extensively publish on these. He is a member of various professional societies, academic associations,
and NGOs; particularly as member of the International Movement for a Just World, Executive Committee of the
Citizen Health Initiative, and country coordinator for Malaysia of the Asian Foundations and Organizations.
WILHELM G. SOLHEIM II is Faculty Consultant at the Archaeological Studies Program, University of the
Philippines-Diliman. He is an archaeologist specializing in prehistoric and early historic archaeology of Southeast
Asia. He has done archaeological research in the field and in museums and given lectures in the USA, and several
countries in Asia, Europe and Africa and has published extensively. His archaeological career spans nearly six
decades starting with his completion of master at the University of California-Berkley in 1949 and a doctorate at
the University of Arizona 1959 in archaeology.
ZAMRONI is a researcher at the Research Center for Economics at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. He conducted
researches on economics development and international economics and globalization. He completed his Master in
Applied and International Economics at the Massey University in New Zealand and is currently a Ph.D. student at
the Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, Japan.
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WELCOME SPEECH
Yohei Sasakawa
Chairman of The Nippon Foundation
It is a great honor and pleasure for me to have the governments as well as international organizations.
opportunity to meet the 4th Group of API Fellows here However, it is evident that these mechanisms are not
tonight. It is also a tremendous honor to meet His Royal always successful in resolving regional issues due to
Highness Raja Nazrin Shah ibni Sultan Azlan Shah, a reasons ranging from national interest and laws to
leading public intellectual in Malaysia; Professor Dato’ bureaucracy.
Dr. Mohammed Salleh Mohammed Yasin, Vice
Chancellor of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; once It is also undeniable that the lack of knowledge in Asian
again, the members of the International Selection countries about their neighbors is making it difficult
Committee, and the Directors of the institutions to address these various problems. Until now we have
collaborating with The Nippon Foundation in this looked to the West as our primary source of information
program. on our neighbors, and have been far from enthusiastic
about visiting our neighboring countries to see things
I would also like to take this opportunity to express with our own eyes and learn from direct experience.
my sincere appreciation to the late Professor Dr. Ishak
Shari, the former Director of IKMAS, Professor Dr. An important objective of the API Fellowships Program
Ragayah Haj. Mat Zin, Director of IKMAS, and Ms. is to learn about our neighbors and gain access to
Dorothy Fernandez-Robert, API Program Coordinator information about them that is not filtered through
at IKMAS for their firm commitment and hard work as Western eyes. Another important goal of the program
the first Coordinating Institution of the API Fellowship is to generate ideas for resolving the common issues
Program from the year 2000 to May this year. Without that face Asia, contributing to the public good from a
the wonderful institutional support provided by IKMAS private standpoint. It then aims to put these ideas to
and the strong personal commitment of these three action, either independently or in collaboration with
individuals, the API Fellowships Program would not be governmental organizations. My wish is for all members
what it is today. I would also like to express my deepest of the API Community, regardless of their position
gratitude to the three people from the Institute of Asian or profession, to deepen their understanding of their
Studies at Chulalongkorn University who worked very neighbors, and keep the greater interest of Asia in mind
hard in preparing this workshop: Professor Dr. Supang at all times, changing things for the better by putting
Chantavanich, the Director, Associate Professor Surichai their knowledge and experience to practical use.
Wun’Gaeo, Deputy Director, and Ms. Michiko Yoshida,
the API Program Coordinator. Last but not least, I In Japan we have the phrase Chigyogoitsu or “Unity of
would also like to express my appreciation to the Knowledge and Action”. It means that knowledge
Workshop Director, Professor Dato’ Dr. Abdul Rahman becomes meaningful only when put to practical use.
Embong. What is expected of API Fellows—as public intellectuals—
is to make their knowledge public. In other words, they
As you know, the first East Asia Summit will be held here must open up new paths for putting their knowledge
in Malaysia next month. Participants will be engaging and ideas to use towards social change. Public intellectuals
in discussions towards the creation of a new regional themselves may serve as torchbearers for these activities,
community. Asia faces many transnational issues that or they may make their ideas public, and mobilize
threaten people’s livelihoods. These include pressing issues organizations and individuals towards their cause.
such as terrorism and bird flu, as well as poverty, Either way, public intellectuals are expected to take on
environmental destruction, ethnic conflict, and religious the role of change agent.
conflict, to name a few. And these issues are closely
intertwined with the wave of globalization sweeping the This program has produced over 150 API Fellows in
world today. the past five years. Many of these Fellows are using
the knowledge and experience gained during their
Asia is home to various regional networks among fellowship period in neighboring countries to bring
Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity
The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows