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Reflections on Old Norse Myths PDF

192 Pages·2007·2.623 MB·English
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KATERN 1 ORDER 070225 REFLECTIONS ON OLD NORSE MYTHS Page 1 ORDER 070225 STUDIES IN VIKING AND MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA General Editors Judy Quinn, Stefan Brink, and John Hines Volume 1 Page 2 ORDER 070225 REFLECTIONS ON OLD NORSE MYTHS Edited by Pernille Hermann, Jens Peter Schjødt, and Rasmus Tranum Kristensen H F Page 3 ORDER 070225 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Reflections on Old Norse myths. – (Studies in viking and medieval Scandinavia; 1) 1. Mythology, Norse 2. Old Norse literature – History and criticism 3. Mythology, Norse, in literature I. Hermann, Pernille II. Schjodt, Jens Peter III. Kristensen, Rasmus Tranum 398.2'0948 ISBN-13: 9782503526140 © 2007, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2007/0095/102 ISBN: 978-2-503-52614-0 Printed in the E.U. on acid-free paper Page 4 ORDER 070225 CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Preface ix List of Contributors xiii Contemporary Research into Old Norse Mythology 1 JENS PETER SCHJØDT Íslendingabók and History 17 PERNILLE HERMANN Why Did Christians Continue to Find Pagan Myths Useful? 33 JOHN MCKINNELL Male or Female Initiation? The Strange Case of Ragnars saga 53 RORY MCTURK Skírnismál and Nordic Charm Magic 75 STEPHEN A. MITCHELL ‘Hildr Prepares a Bed for Most Helmet-Damagers’: 95 Snorri’s Treatment of a Traditional Poetic Motif in his Edda JUDY QUINN Myth, Genealogy, and Narration: Some Motifs in Vo(cid:51)lsunga saga 119 from the Perspective of the History of Religions CATHARINA RAUDVERE Page 5 ORDER 070225 Ibn Fadlan’s Account of a Rus Funeral: 133 To What Degree Does It Reflect Nordic Myths? JENS PETER SCHJØDT Why Was Óðinn Killed by Fenrir? A Structural Analysis 149 of Kinship Structures in Old Norse Myths of Creation and Eschatology RASMUS TRANUM KRISTENSEN Index 171 Page 6 ORDER 070225 ILLUSTRATIONS Rasmus Tranum Kristensen, ‘Why Was Óðinn Killed by Fenrir?’ Figure 1, p. 155. Differentiation of kinship. Figure 2, p. 162. Loki’s kinship structures. Figure 3, p. 166. Transformations between myths of creation and Ragnaro(cid:51)k. Page 7 ORDER 070225 Page 8 ORDER 070225 PREFACE Myths from pre-Christian Scandinavia, as they are known to us from medieval authors and redactors, play a significant role in contemporary culture — in popular books, films, cartoons, etc. This, of course, is due to a powerful fascination they hold, which creates new challenges and inspiration for each new generation. Artists of all kinds are naturally free to use these myths as they wish, but at the same time it is valuable to remember that in the Viking Age and during the Middle Ages they had a rather different significance, having played an existential role in the world view of the people of that past. With this publica- tion we aim to provide a window on the research being undertaken by scholars representing a range of disciplines in a number of different countries. The study of Old Norse mythology at the beginning of the third millennium incorporates per- spectives from a range of specializations — the history of religion, folklore, literary studies, and philology — and the current collection of essays presents reflections on Old Norse myths from some of these many angles. One of the major problems is how we may use sources from the Middle Ages when seeking to understand the function of mythology in the pagan past and in medieval Iceland, and many of the essays thus discuss methodological problems in dealing with the texts. These problems are of different kinds and comprise arguments from different fields of study, including those fields represented in this volume. Jens Peter Schjødt opens the volume with an introduction to aspects of the scholarship on Old Norse mythology that have emerged over the last ten to fifteen years. Schjødt’s introductory chapter is not meant to be exhaustive; rather than articles, it considers books selected as representative of the key trends. Schjødt is a historian of religions, and the works treated are particularly relevant to that specific field, and so do not deal with only mythology but also with pagan religion in general. The structure of Schjødt’s introduction is mainly chronological, Page 9 ORDER 070225 x Preface although occasionally a thematic structuring will be found and a range of work by the same author dealt with together. In the second chapter Pernille Hermann discusses Íslendingabók as history and myth. She points out the problem that even a text like Íslendingabók, which explicitly aims at being objective, represents the pagan past through the conceptual framework of the time of recording as well as through the author’s narrative organization and interpretation. The analytical part of the article is concerned with the significance of the Irish monks said to have populated Iceland before the settlement. It is dis- cussed how the specific historicity of Íslendingabók is related to medieval Christian schemata indebted to transcendent systems of meaning. Thus, historical events represented in Íslendingabók are not to be approached and interpreted primarily in terms of their factual content and context, but rather from their textual context. It is shown how in particular respects Íslendingabók took on the function of a myth — a foundation narrative capable of explaining the origin of the Icelandic culture. In the third chapter John McKinnell examines the motives that drove Christian writers to describe pagan mythology, and in doing so he compares Old Norse exam- ples with material from other Germanic-speaking areas. McKinnell concludes that practical magic, Christian condemnations of paganism, and impressive ancestry are found both in Old Norse and in other comparative material, but that the Old Norse examples are treated in more sophisticated literary ways than their parallels. McKinnell explains this difference through the fact that Icelanders were trained to become professional poets. The preservation of the myths, including the eddic poetry of mythological character, is also explained by the social conditions in Iceland in which the pagan material was considered useful by the Icelandic aristo- crats when they wished to investigate important personal, social, and moral issues. In the following chapter Rory McTurk investigates whether Ragnars saga loð- brókar reflects pre-Christian Scandinavian initiation practices in its portrayal of the protagonist Ragnarr loðbrók and his wife Áslaug. Arguing that there had been a goddess Loþkona/Loðbróka, McTurk maintains that this goddess has been mixed up with historical figures. He then discusses Jan de Vries’s ideas of the initiation sequence and how far this might apply to the saga. Considering both Áslaug and Ragnarr, the sequence can be shown to be divided between the two, and it is concluded that Áslaug’s ‘career’ in particular can be understood in the light of the initiation model. Nevertheless the possibility of loans from Greek romance must also be taken into account. The book continues with a chapter by Stephen A. Mitchell who examines magical charms concerned with manipulating physical and emotional relation- ships, especially in relation to love magic. This topic is explored with special ref- erence to the eddic poem Skírnismál, and the central action discussed is Skírnir’s Page 10

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