Reference grammar of Amharic PDF
Preview Reference grammar of Amharic
CONTENTS INTRODUCl'ION ....•.••••.....•.•••.•......•.•.••••.••...........••XXI•• •.••.•...•......••••••..•.•.•..•.• LIST OF AJIIIREVIATIONS •..•.•.•.•••..........•.•.•.•.•••.•.•...•.XXIV•. ..•.•••••........•...•..••.• BmLIOGRAPRY •••.•••...•.•.•.•...••.....•..•••..•.•..•........•XXVil•l.. .••...•.•...•.•.•.•...•.••.•.•.•..•. PHONOLOGY.• .•••.•...•.••••..•....•.•.•...•...•.••..•.•...•.•.. •.•.........•.•.•..•...•.•...•.••.•••.•• ALP11AB1rr •••••••• •••••••••• ••••• ••• •••••••••••••• ••• •• •• •• •••••• •••••• •• •••••••• ••• •••••• ••• •••••• •••• •••• •••• I Observaont itheo alnpsh abe.t..................2. ............................................ Defic iencoifthee Ambarisc aplahbet. ...............3. ................................. Orthograhpy..........................3. ............................................................... Punucatitomarksn ....•..•..•..............•...•.•...•...•....•.•.•..4.. ..•...•.•.•..•.•.•......•.. CONSONANTS......................................4. .......................................................... Pronunciaotfthei Aomnh aricc onso.nan.t.s...........S. ............................. Observa tioonns cthoensonan ts ...................................6.. ...................... Pohnemsitca otftue shconsonan ts .........................8. ............................. Round.i.n.g.................................................9.. ........................................ Gemina.t.i.o.n.. ........................................................ ..I.I. ......................... Palatali zati.o.n. ....................................................................1..4.. ............. Wealccn inogfc o nson.an.t..s...................................1..6.. .......................... Spiranotizatin. ................................................1...7... ............................. .... Spodraiacternl ati.o..n.. ...........•..................................1..7... ........................... Labials .............•..............................................1..7.. .....•....•.••.................... Vearls............................................................ .....1....8..... .......................... Liquids..................................................................................2..0.. ............ Sibanit.sl. ..........................•......................................2....1... .......... ............ Palatals············································2··1···· · ··············································· Assmilationi ............................................................................ .2....2... ........... Totarelgres sivasesi maitli.o.n. .....................................2 .2. ...................... Totaprogreslsi ve assimliat.i.o.n. ..................................................2...4.. ... Putial assim iatlion. .............................................................. .....2..4. ........ Disaimilatioa ..................................................................................2.6. ......... Disaimilation orsem ination ........................................................2..1. ..... VI CONTENTS Recipraoscsailm iandl adtiisosni m.i..l....a.t.....i..o..n.. .................................2 .7 Metastih..se.. ............................................................................................2..7.. ....... Insertoifno ,rn. . ..........•......••....................•••............•...•......•.•.•.•....•.•.•.........•.2. .8... Abbrevi.a..t..i.o.....n....s... ..................................................................................3.. 0 Haplolanodl goyos sfs ylla..b..l...e...s....... ......................................................3.0.. Lososf c onson...an...iS..... .........................................................................3..0. ....... VOWEL$ .......................................................3..1.. ...................................................... Vocalleinc.g. ..t....h.. ............................................................................3 ..3.. ...... Allophvoonwie.c.l. s.... .................................................................................3 .3 Protheata incld o sosf iianla. i ...t..............................................................3 ..4.. Meentigo fv owe.l..s.. ................................................................................3..5. ...... Elis..i.....o...n... ...................................................................................3....5... ..... Insertoifaos ne mivoww,ye . .l..... ..............................................3..6.. ............... Contracotfsi yonl la..b..l....e....s... ............................................................3....7.. Synco..pe.. ...........................................................................................3. .8.. ...... Alternaotfvi oowne .l..s.. .......................................3..9. .......................................... Vowehlarm ony... ................................................................4..0.. ........................... Syllsatbruicct ..u.r..e.. ...................................................................................4...1... Consoncalnuts.. t..e..r. ..............................................................................4 ..2. ........ A.CCENT .................................................................................................................44 PRONOIJN... ..........•...•••••••.••.••••..........••••••...•...............•••••..4.••6•. .......•..•.••...•••••...•.• Independent penonal prono..u....n.s.. ..............................................................4.6.. Possessive pronou..n..s. ..an..d.. .a..d..j.e..c..t..i.v......e....s..... ..........5...0... ... .......... Possesssufiifxvee..s .... .........................................................,... .............5...0.. . .. Usagoefp ossessiv.e.... ..s..u.f...fi...,.x. . .e...s.... ...........................5...3... ....... .... Persopnraoln otuoen xsp rpeossss es..s....i.....o..n.. ........................,.. ..;.. .5.6.. .. . Reflexpirvoen o..u..n..s.. .....................................................................................5 7 Pronooufin nss is..r...c..n..c.c.. .............................................,.. ..... ....5.8 .................. 'Mysehlifm,s eanldfs 'o, . o..n.... ...................................................,.. .....5..8.. .... Possespsriovneoo ufin n sis'tmeoynw cne..'. .. .........................................6..0.. Pronou nso frecipr..o..c.....i..t.....y.... ...........................................................6.1.. ..... Demonstprraotniovauenn adsd jec.t...i...v....e..s...... .........................................6. 2 Fonearr obje..c.t..s... .....................................................................................6 2 Fodri stoanbtj e...c..t....s.... ...........................................................................6 .6. OONTENTS vn Interrogaptriovneoan udna sd jec.ti....v...e...s.... ...............................................6.8 .,., ·······························································6··8·· ············································ ., ································································7··2·· ············································· ,., .................................................7..2.. .......................................................... ,.,�c.. ,.., �,. ..............................7..9.. ........ .............................................. r++r..,.. .....................................................................................7. ...9.. .......... Reltaipvreo no.u..n..s.. .....................................................................8 ...1... ........... Relatmiarkveer wpietrhfa encidtm perf.e.c.t. ..................8.. 2.. ...................... Elemeonfdt est enninwaitttihhor ene laqtuiavle.i. .fi...e..r. .................8...3... . Relatwiivtceho mpovuenrdfb o nn.s. ............................................. 8..7.. ........ Observatointo hnrese lactliavu.es. e. ....................................................8..8.. . . Laclc ofan tece.de.n.t....................................................9..3. ............................. Plaocfde i roebcjtme acrt k-enir nthe relaqtuiavle.i fi.e.r......95. ................... Roloeft hqeu aliifinte hrdee lactliavu.e.s.. e.. ............................................9 7 Tabolfet hqeu aliifinte hrree lactliavu.e..s. .e..... ..................................I.02 . ... Clftes ente..n...c...e..... ...............................................................................I.0 .5 lndefpmriotneo anudna sd jec.t...i.....v..e.....s.. ...............................................1.1.8 Someosnoem,e bo.d...y.. ............................................................................1.1.8 Any. ...................................................l..9l.. ................................. ..................... Anybodayn,y o.n....e..... .............................................................................l.2. 1 Nobodyn,oo nen,on ,o otn en,oa ts ingnloen.,e... .................................1 ..2.2. A certacienrts,i( np lu.r...a....l...)... ............................................................1..2 3 Som.e.. .........................................................................................................1 24 Someitnh.g.... .............................................................................................1.26. Sevesrveaelr,oa .fl... . ..................................................................................1.2 7 Anyth.i...n....g... .........................................................................................1..2 7 Nothinngo,t haitan lgnl o,at n ythnionattg h,i nnogant,y ,n oitnan ywa.y1 28 Whoevewrh,o soevemra,t twnehoro. . . ......................................................1 .29 Whatevwehra.t soewvhecirh,e vneomr a,t twehra.. t. ..................................l 30 Other ,an oth..e...r.. .......................................................................................1 33 One ,o noef n,o onnoen,.e.. . ....................................................................... 1.34 One---theother , theo ne-s--tothehrse ................................1..3..5.. ..................• On the onhean d--the- oothern hand.. ........................................................ 1.36 Eitheeri,the oner ,n eith..e..r.. ...........................................................1..3.•7.. ..... So-and-ao, such-and..-...s....u...c...h.... ........................................................1 .39 Sucsbucb, ao,u cuh .. .................................................................................1 40 VIII C0N11!1'(fS Prnoouonfst otaalniidts yo la.t.i.o.n. ...................................1.....4.....1 .... .............. Al.l. ..............................................................................................l....14.. ... ....... The whole, .e.n.t..i.r...e.. .......................................1..44... ................. ................. Alonoen,lb yyo, n es.e.l.f. ....................................................1....54... ........... ...... Apart, s.ep.a.r.a.t.e.l.y. .........................1...64... .... .............................................. Distrib.u.t.i..v..e. .......................................1..4..7... ................................................. Eache,a cohn ee,v e.r.y .................................1....47.... ......... .............................. Everye,v eryeovneery,b odeyv,e ryt.h.i.n.g. ..................1..15.. .......................... NOUN... ••.•.............................................•....••...•.....•..••..••1..•45•. ••.•.•..................•••.•. Surve.y. ...........................1.45. ................................................................................ Detennin.a.ti.o.n. .....................1.45. ....................................................................... Artic...l...e.... ................................................................................................I 5 4 Articlwei th wmoanm,an a,n kd instheinnp.s . ............1..0.6. . ........................... Gend..e..r.. ..................•.•...••..•.........•..••..••..••..••....•...•...••.•l••16.. •...........................•• Feminmiarnkee- r.t. . ..................................................................................1. 26 Feminmiarnkee- ri. ..t... ...............................................................................1 63 Suffix-t -,i uts ewdi tmha scuolrife nmien innoeu nasn,ad b sttnr oaucn.1s.63 Gendseperc fiier.s. ............................................1.64. ......................................... Gendtreera tmoefann itm agleso,g rapnhaimc.ea.s.l .. ........1..66.. .................... Differreonott sg efnod.re. r. ............................................1...66.. ........................ Varimoeuansi nogfs gtehned mearrk e.r.. ...........................1..76.. ......... ........... Plu.r.a..l.. .................................................l..96.. ...................................................... Externalp lraul. ................................................1..96.. ........................................ Archaipcl u.r.al. ......................1.17. ................................................................... Internaland externaarlc hapilcu r.a.l.s. ............1.72. .......................................... Pluroafnl o uonsfk ins.h.i..p.. ............................................1....73.· . .................... Pluranlo uownfsih tt otraeld upli.c..a..t..i..o...n... ..........................1....73 . ........ Pluroafnl o unwsi thp artiarle dupli.c..a..t..i..o..n.. ......................14.7 ............... Totalr edupliocfa taidojne. c.t.i.v.e.s. .......................1...74.. ........................ ...... Pan.iraeld upliocfa taidojne. c.t.i..v..e..s.. .................1..57.. ..... .......................... "Alkli nodfsv, a riokuisn odfs.' . ..............................1....67... ...... ...................... Mar kero1fupraillnintaiiyl, .ta. . ..................................................................1 77 Pluroafl c ompnoouun.nd.s. . .....................................1..79.. .............................. Usagoeft he rapl..l .u...........................................................l.97 ........................ Direocbtj.e.c..t.... .............................................................................................I.S I CONTENTS IX Indiorecbtj .e..c..t.. ................................................1..90.. ........................................ Complemoefpons ts esansidoo nth ecro mplem..e..n..t..s.. .............1..91.. .............. Expresosfpoi sosne s.s..i..o..n.. ..................................1..91.. .............................. Expressqifmo ant e.r..i..a..l.. ....................................1..98.. ................................ Expressoif"o sno metmhaidnoegru sefdo .r..".. .....................1..99.. ................ Expressioofmn e asuanrdek in..d.. .................................1..9..9.. ....................... Expresosfai opnlw ahceerea c ommodiisst oylo drm ad..e.. ..........2..00.. ....... Expresosfti iomanen ddu ra.t..i..o..n.. ............................2..00.. ......................... Expresosfgi eoong ranpamhei.s.c. . .......................................2 .0.I. . .................. Expresslioocna .t..o.i.f..o.. ..n.... ................................................................2..0 I Expresosfti hosenu per.l..a....t..i..v..e.... .......................................2..0..1.. ......... Adjec..t..i..v.e.. ...................................................2..0..1.. ......................................... Formo f.atdhjee c..t...i...v.....e.... ...............................................................2..0. 1 Treatmoeftn hated jec...t...i..v....e..s.... ........................................................2 08 Positoifto haned jec...t...i....v..e..... ..........................................................2..0 8 Adjectivaned+ tnhartoeui nc. l...e... ............................................................2 09 Adjectivaned+t nhoneuu nm b..e..r.... ........................................................2. 10 Adjectivaned+t nhodeui nro ebcjt.e. ..c....t.... ............................................2.1 1 Nominpaalt t.e..rn...s..... ..................................................................................2 14 Primaryn ou.n.s. .................... ..... ....2..1..6.. ..... ........................................... Derivpeadt t..e...rn...s... .............................................................................2 .1.7 Patternwsi tvha risoyulsl satbruicct .u.re.s. .... ..... .............2....1....7. . ...... qiitqiiiilr,ii .t.ii.l. .......... ............ ....2..1..8.. ......... ........ qiit.t.a.l. .................... ...................... ........2. .1..8.. .... qiitqiiilt.,t. i.l. ............. ................. ..2 .1 8 qiitiiqlaat,iiq liiar.ii t.ii.l.a. ....... ............ ......2..1..8.. .. ..... qiitaqlaat,a. l.a. .......... ...............2 ..1 .9. ............ qiittqaii/tat,qa iilrltaaq.lii ltaii,l ta/la ...2.1.9. .... q•t.ii.l. ............ .............. ...........2...2..0.. ... ............ q�ttqiioltaiiq,lu at.tq ii�lrat,.ii .l..a . .. .. ..2.2.0. ... q�tqaalt..t .a.l. ..... ................. ...... 2..2..0. . qataQliilet.tq au/teaq,lil er,tq aillreil,t. t.a.l.e. .. 2.2.0 qatqtilarlaitqt,aat lil.il.,t. a. .l.i. ... .. .....2.2.1 ... q•(t•qJ•it,qt•> mll,q, • roqt•tt••lqi.•t m•ll.t..• l· ···················.·.. 2 22 q•t.•..t......t...•.....l... .............................. . ... ...2.2.3 ... qatqualnq,ua lrt,qu iililltr.t.... .u.. ... .. .. .......2..2..4. X COmENTS q.,.l..ii...t... .................................................................................224. .. ......... qatlqiloltt,qa alto.l.t..o,..t. .. ....................................................................22S qat../...i....t.. ..........................................................................................226 .. q;,ttqaalratt.a.,..l. .a...t... ....•..••.•.•..•..••.•............................•.•.226.... ......••..••... qatlqiaytal..,.i. .y...a.. ...........................................................................2 ...26 Nominpaatternls wilphre fix...e..s... .........................................................2Xl .. Prefaix,a. .............................................................................................2. 28 Prefix mirnia,,m .,. .............................................................................228 .. .. PrefixI iil,.iJ. . ....................................................................................2...2...8 Prefixa n.. .........................................................................................2...2..9. Prefixn ii.. ..................................................................................2...2..9... ..... Prefixdea nsdu fxfie1d.. ......................................................2.. .2...9.. ........... PrefixwQ ..................................................................................2. ..3..0... ...... Nomiinazersl. .............................................................................................2.3.0 -am... .........................................................................................2... .3..0... .... -(iJ}m-maam,m. .o... ................................................................................ 230 -la... ...........................................................................................2......3.....I. . -it.t.a. ...................................................................2...3...3... .......................... -a.n... ..................................................................................................2.. .3. 3 -a(} n-nat,a. n...n..tl... ...........................................................2 ...3...3.. ............ -no-(u,n) a-,(o) na.. .....•.......•.......•.•..••..........................2...3...4.. ..•.••••.••..•••.• -(f1}.n...n..ii..l... .....................................................................................2.. 3.4 -iiii.ii...a.. ...............................................................................................2. 36 -(a) flflo. ..........................•......................•.•...•.•.........................2..3...7•. ..•...... -iirillfa. ...................................................2..3..8.. ........................................... -1/-o1,,/. o1./.e. ............................................2...3...9.. .................................... -lata,- laal,- ul.l...a.. ..............................................................2.. .3..9... ..... -aw..e... ..........................................................................................2... .3..9... -aw..i... ................................................................................................240.. . -o.y... .•...........................................•............•....•....•••••.......••..••.•..•.••2..... 4..0. -a... .......................................................................................................2..4 1 -.i.... ....................................................................................................24. .1.. -e... ........................................................................................................2. 41 -,oy y-.o.. .......................................................................................2.. ..4..2.. . -yyae,-a yyii.. .......................................................2...4....3.... ............. ...........
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