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REDUCING ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS THROUGH FERTILIZER, HERBICIDE AND CLIPPING MANAGEMENT _______________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri – Columbia ________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________________________________________________ by WENDI MARIE ROGERS Craig Roberts, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2010 © Copyright by Wendi Rogers 2010 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled. REDUCING ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS THROUGH FERTILIZER, HERBICIDE AND CLIPPING MANAGEMENT presented by Wendi Marie Rogers a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance _____________________________________________ Dr. Craig A. Roberts _____________________________________________ Dr. Robert L. Kallenbach _____________________________________________ Dr. George E. Rottinghaus _____________________________________________ Dr. Donald E. Spiers _____________________________________________ Dr. Abner W. Womack This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Clyde and Linda Rogers. If I had not had their support and encouragement over the years, everything would have been very difficult. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Craig Roberts for providing the opportunity for me to obtain a doctoral degree. I would like to thank the following for their hard work and support: Ryan Lock, Heather Benedict, Patrick Teoh, Ying Ying, Matt Massie, Dr. Dave Davies, Forage Systems Research Center, Linneus, MO, Valerie Tate, Forage Systems Research Center, Linneus, MO, Dr. Dale Blevins, Dr. Will McClain, Dr. Robert Kallenbach, Dr. George Rottinghaus, Dr. Donald Spiers, Dr. Nick Hill, University of Georgia, Kimberly Hill, Agrinostics, Ltd. Dr. John Andrea, Clemson University, Greg Durham, University of Georgia, Elizabeth Hamilton, Dr. Abner Womack, Food and Agriculture Research Institute, University of Missouri (FAPRI), Dr. Scott Brown, FAPRI, Brent Carpenter, FAPRI, Melvin Brees, FAPRI, Dr. Pat Guinan, University of Missouri State Extension Climatologist, Dr. George Justice, Vice Provost for Advanced Studies and Dean of the Graduate School and University of Missouri‘s Interlibrary Borrowing Office (ILL@MU). I would like to thank my former FAPRI supervisor, Dr. Verl Benson and my coworkers, in particular Dr. Todd Farrand, Dr. Walaiporn Intarapapong and Judy Richards for their support and encouragement throughout the doctoral process. Thank you to Dr. Norma Fisk, Jan Lysaght and Julie Barry for their priceless assistance with the dissertation, defense and life in general. I would like to thank the Columbia, MO Tai Chi Chuan community for their support, encouragement and their assistance in maintaining my sanity, including (in no particular order), Pablo Mendoza, Kenny Greene, Brandon Smith, Dr. Sandy Matsuda, Gladys Swan, Micheal Crist, Charles Baerwald, Dr. W. ‗Kal‘ Johnson, John Gage and Dale Langford. I think of everyone in the Tai Chi Chuan community as my teachers. Thank you, for taking this journey with me. If you feel I have forgotten to thank you by name, I mean no disrespect. I recognize this dissertation project would not have been possible without the assistance of many people. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF EQUATIONS .................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................... 1 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 2 Economics of Fescue Toxicosis ...................................................................................... 2 Physiological or Clinical Signs ....................................................................................... 4 Animal Behavior or Clinical Symptoms ......................................................................... 7 Tall Fescue ...................................................................................................................... 7 Neotyphodium coenophialum .......................................................................................... 8 Ergot Alkaloids ............................................................................................................... 8 Ergovaline ..................................................................................................................... 10 Plant Nutrients ............................................................................................................... 10 Phosphorus .................................................................................................................... 16 Limestone ...................................................................................................................... 21 Herbicide ....................................................................................................................... 25 Ergopeptine Fluctuation ................................................................................................ 28 iii Summary ....................................................................................................................... 33 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2: THE EFFECT OF CLETHODIM HERBICIDE ON ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS .............................. 46 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 46 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 46 Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 46 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 47 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 48 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 48 Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 48 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 50 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 51 Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 52 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3: THE EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER AND ITS CHEMICAL EQUIVALENT ON ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS ...................................................................................................... 63 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 63 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 63 Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 63 Fertilizer Treatment ....................................................................................................... 64 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 65 Statistics Analysis ......................................................................................................... 66 iv Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 66 Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 66 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 69 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 69 Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 70 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4: THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS ......................................................... 82 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 82 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 82 Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 82 Phosphorus Treatment ................................................................................................... 83 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 83 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 84 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 85 Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 85 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 87 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 88 Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 89 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 5: THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE ON ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS ......................................................... 95 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 95 v Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 95 Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 95 Limestone Treatment ..................................................................................................... 96 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 96 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 97 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 98 Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 98 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 99 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 100 Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 101 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 6: FLUCTUATION OF ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS IN TALL FESCUE REGROWTH ....................... 107 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 107 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 107 Experimental Sites....................................................................................................... 107 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ............................................................... 108 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 109 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 109 Ergovaline Concentration ............................................................................................ 109 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ..................................................................................... 111 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 113 vi Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 115 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 7: FLUCTUATION OF ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS IN ACCUMULATED GROWTH OF TALL FESCUE .............................................................................................................. 123 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 123 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 123 Experimental Sites....................................................................................................... 123 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ............................................................... 125 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 125 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 126 Ergovaline Concentration ............................................................................................ 126 Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ..................................................................................... 128 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 129 Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 130 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 134 CHAPTER 8: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF REDUCED COW HERD CALVING RATE AND STOCKER GAIN ................................................................... 136 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 137 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 137 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 140 Calving Rate ................................................................................................................ 140 Average Daily Gain ..................................................................................................... 143 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 145 vii
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