Redescription and the Systematic Position of the Brazilian Genus Xenochernes Feio (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae)

7 Pages·1994·6.6 MB·English

by  Mark S Harvey

.
1994. TheJournal ofArachnology 22:131-137
REDESCRIPTION AND THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION
OF THE BRAZILIAN GENUS XENOCHERNES FEIO
(PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA: CHERNETIDAE)
Mark S. Harvey: Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western
Australia 6000, Australia.
ABSTRACT. The sole representative ofXenochernes Feio, X. caxinguba Feio from Minas Gerais, Brazil, is
redescribedfromasmallportionofthetypeseries,andcomparedwiththemyrmecophilousgeneraMyrmochernes
Tullgren (South Africa) andMarachernesHarvey(southern Australia). A strongrelationshipbased upon three
synapomorphies was found to exist between Myrmochernes and Xenochernes, with an apparent weaker rela-
tionship with Marachernes. Myrmochernes and Xenochernes are placed in the Myrmochemetini, new status,
within theChemetinae.
The chemetid fauna ofSouth America is di- XenochemetinaeFeio 1945: 36-37, new synonymy.
verse, with some 35 genera occurring south of Xenochemetini Feio: Beier 1970: 51.
thePanamanianisthmus(Harvey 1991).Ofthese
genera, one ofthe most peculiar is Xenochernes Diagnosis.—Cheliceralsetaesbsandbsstrong-
Feio,knownonlyfromasingleBrazilianspecies, ly clavate; cheliceral setae Is and is nearly con-
X. caxinguba Feio. Indeed Feio (1945) consid- tiguous; three flagellar blades; chelal hand not
ered it SO unusual that he raised the monotypic much wider than pedicel.
chemetid subfamily Xenochemetinae for its in- Remarks.—The suprageneric relationships of
clusion. Feio (1945) also noted similarities with chemetids has long proved taxing. Muchmore
Myrmochernes Tullgren, then placed in the (1972, 1974)hasshownthatthelimitsof‘classic’
monotypic family Myrmochemetidae, and Ster- family-groupnamessuchasLamprochemetinae,
nophoridae. Given that Myrmochernes is now Chemetinae, Chemetini and Hesperochemetini
tphleaceSdtweimtohpihnotrhiedCaheemaerteidcoanes(iJduedrseodnt1h9e85)s,isatenrd- (LBeegiger(11998372))aanrde Linegfgac&t pJooonrelsy(d1e9f8i8n)edhaenvteitfiuers.-
group ofthe Cheliferoidea (Harvey 1992b), the ther compounded the problem by defining the
taxonomic position ofXenochernesdeserves re- ChemetinaeandLamprochemetinaesolelybased
examination. uponwesternEuropeanspecies,apparentlywith-
ThroughthecourtesyofDr.NormanPlatnick, out reference to the numerous genera which oc-
I have been able to examine four slides oftype curoutsideofthe Palaearcticregion, orwith ref-
material ofX. caxinguba lodged in Museu Na- erence to two other available subfamily names,
cional, RiodeJaneiro (MNR), andam nowable Goniochemetinae Beier 1932, and Xenocher-
netinaeFeio 1945. Muchmore(1982)eloquently
to present a redescription, highlighting charac-
ters overlooked in the original description. In notedthat“Thearrangementofthesegenerainto
addition, the opportunity is taken to present il- subfamiliesandtribesis ina state offlux.” Har-
lustrations of selected features ofM. africanus vey(inpress)discussedtheseproblemsinfurther
TullgrenfromafemaleintheAmericanMuseum detail and assigned seven genera to the Lam-
of Natural History, New York (AMNH), also prochemetinaeandthreegeneratotheGonioch-
examined through the kindness ofDr. Platnick. emetinae. The remaining 100 or so chemetid
TerminologylargelyfollowsChamberlin(1931) genera, including those discussed in this paper,
and Harvey (1992b). The number ofcarapacal were provisionally referred to the Chemetinae,
setae follows Judson (1985): total setae (ocular: even though this is clearly a group not based
median: posterior). upon any apomorphic character states.
The two genera considered here are placed in
Tribe Myrmochemetini Chamberlin, new status thetribeMyrmochemetini,whichisproposedas
MyrmochemetidaeChamberlin 1931: 240-24i;seefull amonophyleticgroup supportedby several syn-
synonymyunderChemetidaein Harvey 1991: 534. apomorphies(seethecladisticanalysispresented
SynonymizedwithChemetidaebyJudson 1985:321 below). Although the tribe is here regarded a
131
132 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
Myrmochemes Xenochemes Marachemes Marachemes Marachemes meris consideredapomorphic as the pedipalpal
africanus caxinguba bellus simulans perup
setae of other chemetids are either uniformly
•13 clavate or uniformly acuminate (or nearly so).
•12
•11 The dorsal chelal setae ofall Marachemes spp.
06 •15 014
•2 014 06 *I7 are acuminate, whilst they are clavate in My.
•49 africanusandX. caxinguba;theformercharacter
•8
•3 •45 stateistreatedasapomorphic(Character8). The
•1
.J chelal hand ofMy. africanus and X. caxinguba
•10 is barely wider than the pedicel, in contrast to
the narrow pedicel ofmost otherchemetids, in-
Figure L—Cladogram depicting suggested relation- cluding Marachemes (Character 9). The chelal
ships betweenMyrmochemes, XenochemesandMar- hand ofMy. africanus, X. caxinguba and Mar-
achernes. Closed circle (•) = apomorphy; open circle achernesspp. isbarelywiderthanthebaseofthe
(o) = homoplasy; star(*) = polarity uncertain. fingers, anunusualcharacterstateamongstcher-
netids (Character 10), although not entirely re-
strictedtothisgroup. Thelackofbothaccessory
teeth and a venom apparatus in My. africanus
member ofthe Chemetinae, further research on
are very unusual within the family and consid-
a wide series ofchemetids (not simply those of
ered apomorphic (Characters 11, 12).
a regional fauna) must be undertaken before a
Othercharacters:Thesinglespermathecafound
definitive taxonomic arrangement can be sus-
in My. africanus contrasts with the paired sper-
tained.
mathecae found in X. caxinguba, Marachemes
Included species.—Myrmochemes africanus
spp. and most other chemetids (Character 13).
Tullgren 1901 XenochemescaxingubaFeio 1945.
, The smooth anteromedian area ofthe carapace
Cladistic analysis*—Several characters were
found in X. caxinguba and Ma. bellus seems to
scored to determine which could define a close
relationship between Myrmochemes and Xen- have been independently derived from the fully
granulate carapace found in My. africanus (Fig.
ochernes, andwhich mightbe used todetermine
whetherMarachemes (Harvey 1992a) is related a1c2t)eran1d4)t.hTehreemsamionoitnhgMmaerdaicanheamreeasosfppt.he(Cchaarra--
toCthheelsiecegreanee:rAas(Tmaebnlteio1)n.edabove,My. african- pace is unique to X. caxinguba (Character 15).
As the results ofthis analysis clearly indicate
us and X. caxinguba possess strongly clavate
that Myrmochemes and Xenochemes are very
ctmhiocesulltiacteceroaniltnisgeMutaaoreuasscbphsoesaimntedisobns(,oCfhwaIhsriaaccnhtdearrise1)io.nnTMlyyh.edeaanfl--- tcrliobsee,lyMyrerlmaotecdh,etmheetyianrie,hweirtehpilnatcheedCihnetmheetiirnoawen.
ricanus and X. caxinguba is probably unique CsioonnveorfseMlayr,atchheeremeisslwesistheivnidtehnecetrifboer.tThheeinocnlluy-
aofmochneglsictercahlesmeettaiedssis(fChoaurnadctoenrly3)i,nwMhyi.leaftrhiecalnacuks characterstatethatislikelytosupportthemono-
f(eCrhsabreatcwteeren2)M.yT.heafnriucmabnuesr+ofXf.lacgaexlilanrgbulbaad(etshrdeief)- pfhoyulnydoifn aoltlhtehrrecehegmeenteirda g(eCnhearraacatenrd 1is0,)iinsfaalcsto,
andMarachemes spp. (four), withnoway ofde- verenreysdiisffhiecruletetxoclquudaendtiffyr.omThtehreefMoyrre,moMcahreamceh--
termining the plesiomorphic state; Character 4
tini, and remains incertae sedis (along with nu-
is thus left unpolarized. merous other genera) in the Chemetinae until
Chelae:Thepresenceofintemobasalaccessory
teeth on a mound is unique to males ofMar- afumrtuhcerhpwhiydleorgernaentgiecoafnaclhyesmeestiadrse.conducted on
achernes spp. (Character 5), although it remains
to be confirmed forMa. perup Harvey, as males Genus Xenochemes Feio
are not yet known. Trichobothrium est is much
closerto esbthanto etinMy. africanusandMa. XenochemesFeio 1945: 37.TypespeciesXenochemes
caxinguba Feio 1945, by original designation.
bellus Harvey (Character 6), clearly the result of
separateacquisitions. Thedorsalsetaeofthepe- Diagnosis*—Differs from all other chemetid
dipalpal patella are acuminate in Marachemes genera by the following combination ofcharac-
simulans Harvey and Ma. perup, whilst clavate ters: cheliceral setae bs andsbs clavate, Is and is
in the remaining species (Character 7); the for- nearly contiguous; female with two spherical
HARVEY--PSEUDOSCORPIONGENUSXENOCHERNES 133
Table L—Charactermatrix forMyrmochernes, XenochernesandMarachernes(seetextforexplanation).
Myrmo- Xeno- Mara- Mara- Mara-
Character: chernes chernes chernes chernes chernes
plesiomorphy; apomorphy africanus caxinguba bellus simulans perup
1. Cheliceral setaesbsand bs:
denticulate; clavate 1 1 0 0 0
2. Cheliceral seta es:
present; absent i 0 0 0 0
3. Cheliceral setae Isand is:
separated; nearlycontiguous 1 1 0 0 0
4. Flagellum, numberofblades: 3 3 4 4 4
5. Chelalhandofmale, intemobasalaccessory
teeth on mound:
absent; present 0 0 1 1 7
6. Trichobothriumestmuchclosertoesbthan
to et:
no; yes 1 0 1 0 0
7. Pedipalpal patella, dorsal setae:
clavate; acuminate 0 0 0 1 1
8. Pedipalpal chela, dorsal setae:
clavate; acuminate 0 0 1 1 1
9. Chelal hand:
much widerthan pedicel;
not much widerthan pedicel 1 0 0 0
10. Chelal hand:
much widerthan base offingers;
not much widerthan base offingers 1 1 1 1
11. Chelal accessoryteeth:
present; absent 1 0 0 0 0
12. Venom apparatus:
present; absent 1 0 0 0 0
13. Spermathecae:
paired; single 1 0 0 0 0
14. Carapace, anteromedian area:
granulate; smooth 0 1 1 0 0
15. Carapace, median area:
granulate; smooth 0 1 0 0 0
spermathecae; chelal handnot muchwiderthan median areas which are virtually smooth. Ter-
pedicel. gitesbiseriate. Femalegenitaliawithtwo round-
Description.—Pleural membrane longitudi- edspermathecae.Legs:alltarsiwithsubbasalslit
nally striate. Most vestitural setae strongly cla- sensillum;anteriorlegswithobliquejunctionbe-
vate.Fixedchelalfingerwitheighttrichobothria, tweenfemurandpatella;tarsusIVwithouttactile
movable chelal finger with four trichobothria, seta.
distributed as in Figs. 2, 3. Fixed finger with Remarks.—Asstatedabove,Feio(1945)noted
external and internal accessory teeth; movable certain resemblances between Xenochernes and
finger without accessory teeth; movable chelal two other pseudoscorpion groups, Myrmo-
finger without intemobasal accessory teeth or chernes and the Stemophoridae. Although Feio
mound. Venom apparatus present in movable (1945) dismissed such resemblances as unim-
chelal finger. Chelicera with five setae on hand, portant, it is best to reanalyze the relationships
sbs and bs clavate, Is and is nearly contiguous. ofthegenus in the light ofrecent changes in our
Flagellum with three blades. Carapace with nu- understanding ofthe relationships and classifi-
merous setae (<170); with two distinctfurrows; cationofpseudoscorpions(Judson 1985;Harvey
coarselygranulate, except foranteromedian and 1992b).
134 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
The lack of a venom apparatus in the fixed hand (without pedicel) 2.27 (3), 2.15 (2) times
chelal finger and the obliquejunction ofXthe an- longerthan broad; movable finger 0.60 (3), 0.59
terior femora and patellae clearly place cax- (2) times as long as hand. Pedipalps with coarse
ingubaintheChemetidae(Harvey 1992b),where granulation on trochanter, femur, patella and
it shares several important character states with mostofchela,granulationlessdistinctonventral
My. africanus, recently shown to be a chemetid surfaces, chelal fingers largely smooth; setae cla-
(Judson 1985) (see above). vate. Chelal hand not much widerthan pedicel.
AsattestedbyFeio(1945), arelationshipwith Fixed chelal finger with eight trichobothria,
the Stemophoridae is not apparent, despite his movable chelal finger with four trichobothria
assertion that a pseudostemum is present in X. (Figs. 2, 3); it midway between isb and tip of
caxinguba. Whilst a very small section ofcutic- finger; est slightly closerto esbthan to et\ isb on
ular membrane is apparent between coxae III approximatelysamelevelasest;stslightlycloser
and IV, it is certainly not equivalent to the ex- to t than to sb. Fixed finger with 19 (3), 17 (2)
tensive pseudostemum found in stemophorids slightlyspacedmarginalteeth,plusthree(3),two
(Chamberlin 1931; Harvey 1985). (2)externalandone(3,2)internalaccessoryteeth;
Beier(1970)comparedXenochernesandMyr- movablefingerwith 22 (3), ca. 18 (2) moderately
mochernes with the South American myrmeco- spaced marginal teeth, with no accessory teeth;
phileSyndeipnochernesBeier,whichisnowcon- 3 movable chelal fingerwithoutintemobasal ac-
sideredajuniorsynonymofSphenochernesTurk cessoryteeth ormound. Venom apparatus pres-
(Mahnert 1985). The three species currently at- ent in movable chelal finger, terminating in no-
tributed to this genus are known from the nests dus ramosus situated midway between st and t.
of the ants Acromyrmex lundi (Guerin) and Manducatory process smooth, with four acu-
Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius) (Mello-Leitao minate setae, two situateddistally, one medially
1925; Turk 1953; Beier 1970). Sphenochernes a(3n)donebasally. Chelicera(Fig. 5)withfivesetae
spp. lack thetwo distinguishingfeaturesofMyr- on hand, sbs and bs clavate. Is and is nearly
mochernes and Xenochernes (e.g., position of contiguous, separated by less than one areolar
cheliceral setae Is and is, and the clavate cheli- diameter; serrula exterior with ca. 18 (3, 2) la-
ceral setae ebs and es), and is clearly not closely mellae;galeaofunassociatedchelicera(slide 105e)
related to either genus. small, triangular with several small rami; flagel-
lum(Fig.6)composedofthreeblades,distalblade
Xenochernes caxinguba Feio denticulate in distal half, others apparently
Figs. 2-10 smooth. Carapace (Fig. 4) with 210 [72: 98: 40]
XenochernescaxingubaFeio 1945: 37-40,figs. 28-32; , 176 [67: 68: 41] (2) setae, including 15 (3),
Harvey, 1991: 639. 16(2)onposteriormargin;0.91 (3),0.89(2)times
longerthanbroad;twodistinctfurrows,posterior
Typesexamined.—Holotype6, allotype2, Pir- furrow much closer to posterior margin ofcar-
apora, Minas Gerais, Brazil (17®20'S; 44°54'W), apace than to anterior furrow; surface coarsely
13 Febmary 1942, J. Moojen and A. Passareli granulate, except for anteromedian and median
(MNR; KOH treated and mounted on a single areas which are virtually smooth. Tergites ll-X
microscope slide). Three additional slides la- and stemites IV-X divided. Tergal chaetotaxy
belled “paratipo” containing the uncleared ap- (entire segments): 3, 32: 35: 33: 39: 37: 40: 39:
pendages ofadults: 1 legI, 1 leg IV (slide 105b); 39: 35: 36: 28: 2; 2, 40: 40: 39: 40: 39: 41: 52:
rightpedipalp,withchelaseparatedfrompatella 51: 44: 36: 26: 2; setaearrangedintwoindistinct
(slide 105d);rightchelicera, 1 leg1, 1 legIV(slide rows. Sternalchaetotaxy(entiresegments): 3, ca.
105e). 60: (3)7[4](3): (1)7(2): 12: 13: 15: 16: 15: 12: 8:
Diagnosis.—As for genus. KOH 2; 2, 30: (2)8(2): (2)4(1): 13: 17: 21: 19: 20: 13:
Description. Color of treated 8: 2. Stemite XI without tactile setae. Genital
specimens pale yellow-brown; ofuncleared ap- operculaofmale:withnumerouslargesetae;sev-
pendages,suchaspedipalpsandlegs,red-brown. eral pairs ofslit sensilla on anterior operculum,
Pleural membrane longitudinally striate. Pedi- numerous smaller sensillae present on posterior
palps: (Fig. 2)trochanter 1.49 (6), 1.48 (2), femur operculum. Male genitalia normal for family.
abruptly pedicellate, 3.33 (3), 3.07 (2), patella Genitaloperculaoffemale(Fig.9):anterioroper-
2.77 (3), 2.68 (2), chela (with pedicel) 3.82 (3), culumwithsmallsetaearrangedinaninverted-U
3.52(2),chela(withoutpedicel) 3.61 (3), 3.38 (2), pattern. Female genitalia (Fig. 10) with two
HARVEY--PSEUDOSCORPIONGENUSXENOCHERNES 135
Figures2-10.—XenochernescaxingubaFeio.2,leftpedipalp,dorsal,holotype6;3,rightchela,lateral,paratype
adult,slide 105d;4,carapace,depictingsetae(leftside)andgranulations(rightside),holotypeS;5,rightchelicera,
dorsal, paratype adult, slide 105b; 6, right flagellum, paratype adult, slide 105b; 7, leg I, paratype adult, slide
105e; 8, leg IV, paratype adult, slide 105e; 9, femalegenital opercula, allotype 9; 10, spermathecae, allotype 9.
Scale lines: 0.5 mm (Figs. 2-4, 7, 8), 0.2mm (Figs. 5, 6, 9, 10).
136 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
Figures 11, \l,~~MyrmochernesafricanusTullgren, 2, Grahamstown, South Africa (AMNH). 11, right pedi-
palp, dorsal; 12, carapace, depicting setae (left side) and granulations (rightside). Scaleline: 0.5 mm.
(right side). Scale line: 0.5 mm.
spherical spermathecae; spermathecal ducts tu- ters: cheliceral setae bs and sbs clavate, Is and is
bular, basal openings not visible. Legs: all tarsi nearly contiguous; female with single spherical
with subbasai slit sensillum; legs I (Fig. 7) and spermatheca with short duct; chelal hand not
II with obliquejunction between femur and pa- much wider than pedicel.
tella; leg IV (Fig. 8): femur + patella 2.39 (6), Description.—See Judson (1985).
2.41 (2) times longer than broad; tarsus without
Myrmochernes africanus Tullgren
tactile seta.
Dimensions(mm), holotypeS(allotype9):body Figs. 1D12
length 2.32 (2.28). Pedipalps: trochanter 0.35/ Myrmochernes africanus Tullgren 1907: 60-61, figs.
0.235 (0.31/0.21),femur0.70/0.21 (0.645/0.21), 18a-e; Harvey 1991: 639 (full synonymy).
patella 0.595/0.215 (0.535/0.20), chela (with —
Materialexamined. 1 2,Grahamstown,South
pedicel) 0.975/0.255 (0.915/0.26), chela (with- Africa, Goodnight (AMNH), apparently slide-
out pedicel) 0.92 (0.88), movable finger length mounted by the late C. C. Hoff(S-366).
0.35 (0.33), hand length 0.58 (0.56). Chelicera Diagnosis.— As for genus.
0.22/0.11 (0.215/0.12), movable finger length
Description. See Judson (1985).
0.155 (0.17). Carapace 0.91/1.00 (0.825/0.925). Remarks.— Thisadditionalfemalediffersvery
Leg I: femur + patella 0.41/0.19 (0.40/0.195), little from those specimens describedbyJudson
tibia 0.32/0.11 (0.29/0.12), tarsus 0.24/0.08 (1985). The figures presented here provide fur-
(0.31/0.09). Leg IV: femur + patella 0.55/0.23
therdetailtothepreviousdescriptions(Tullgren
(0.53/0.22), tibia 0.42/0.12 (0.38/0.125), tarsus
1907; Beier 1932; Judson 1985).
0.265/0.075 (0.28/0.095).
Remarks.—Ofthe7S,72,and8juvenilesmen- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
tionedbyFeio, Ihavebeenabletoexamineonly I wish to extend my thanks to Norman Plat-
the holotype, allotype and miscellaneous ap-
nick for facilitating the loan of the important
pendages ofan unspecified number ofunsexed
specimens detailed in this paper, which were
adults.
loanedontheundertakingtosupplychunkychips
Genus Myrmochernes Tullgren attheearliestconvenience.IamgratefultoMark
Judson for stimulating discussions on pseudo-
Myrmochernes Tullgren 1907: 59-60; Harvey 1991: scorpion phylogeny, for commenting on the
604 (full synonymy). Type species Myrmochernes manuscript, and for providing very useful ad-
africanusTullgren 1907, by monotypy. ditions to the paper. Bill Muchmore also kindly
Diagnosis.—Differs from all other chemetid commented on the manuscript and shared his
genera by the following combination ofcharac- deep knowledge ofchemetids.
.
HARVEY-=PSEUDOSCORPIONGENUSXENOCHERNES 137
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