Redefining Urban And Suburban America: Evidence From Census 2000 (Redefining Urban and Suburban America)

361 Pages·2005·3.73 MB·English

by  Robert E. Lang

R
EDEFINING
U & S
RBAN UBURBAN
A
MERICA
V IO LUIM
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E V I D E N C E F R O M C E N S U S 2 0 0 0
TWO
A B , B K & R E. L
LAN ERUBE RUCE ATZ OBERT ANG
E D I T O R S
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Redefining
Urban and Suburban
America
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JAMES A. JOHNSON METRO SERIES
The Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution is integrat-
ing research and practical experience into a policy agenda for cities and met-
ropolitan areas. By bringing fresh analyses and policy ideas to the public
debate, the program hopes to inform key decisionmakers and civic leaders
in ways that will spur meaningful change in our nation’s communities.
As part of this effort, the James A. Johnson Metro Series aims to intro-
duce new perspectives and policy thinking on current issues and attempt to
lay the foundation for longer-term policy reforms. The series examines tra-
ditional urban issues, such as neighborhood assets and central city competitiveness, as well as larger
metropolitan concerns, such as regional growth, development, and employment patterns. The
James A. Johnson Metro Series consists of concise studies and collections of essays designed to
appeal to a broad audience. While these studies are formally reviewed, some will not be verified
like other research publications. As with all publications, the judgments, conclusions, and recom-
mendations presented in the studies are solely those of the authors and should not be attributed
to the trustees, officers, or other staff members of the Institution.
Also available in this series:
Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis
Robert E. Lang
Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence
Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook, editors
Growth and Convergence in Metropolitan America
Janet Rothenberg Pack
Growth Management and Affordable Housing
Anthony Downs, editor
Laws of the Landscape: How Policies Shape Cities in Europe and America
Pietro S. Nivola
Low-Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal
Nicolas P. Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky, editors
Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, vol. 1
Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang, editors
Reflections on Regionalism
Bruce J. Katz, editor
Savings for the Poor: The Hidden Benefits of Electronic Banking
Michael A. Stegman
Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion
Anthony Downs
Sunbelt/Frostbelt: Public Policies and Market Forces in Metropolitan Development
Janet Rothenberg Pack, editor
Taking the High Road: A Metropolitan Agenda for Transportation Reform
Bruce Katz and Robert Puentes, editors
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Redefining
Urban and Suburban
America
E V I D E N C E F R O M C E N S U S 2 0 0 0
VOLUME TWO
Alan Berube, Bruce Katz, and Robert E. Lang
Editors
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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Copyright © 2005
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
www.brookings.edu
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means without written permission from the Brookings Institution Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
Redefining urban and suburban America : evidence from Census 2000 /
Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang, eds.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8157-4896-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8157-4896-5
ISBN-13: 978-0-8157-4897-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8157-4897-3
1. Metropolitan areas—United States. 2. Suburbs—United States. 3. City and
town life—United States. 4. United States—Population. 5. Sociology, Urban—
United States. I. Katz, Bruce. II. Lang, Robert, 1959–
HT334.U5 R43 2003
307.76′4′0973—dc21 2002151690
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets minimum requirements of the American National
Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials: ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Typeset in Minion and Univers Condensed
Composition by Circle Graphics
Columbia, Maryland
Printed by R. R. Donnelley
Harrisonburg, Virginia
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Contents
Foreword vii
Introduction 1
Alan Berube, Bruce Katz, and Robert E. Lang
1
Metropolitan Magnets for International and Domestic Migrants 13
William H. Frey
2
The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways:
Historical Flows, Recent Settlement Trends 41
Audrey Singer
3
The New Great Migration:
Black Americans’ Return to the South, 1965–2000 87
William H. Frey
4
A Decade of Mixed Blessings:
Urban and Suburban Poverty in Census 2000 111
Alan Berube and William H. Frey
5
Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems:
The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s 137
Paul A. Jargowsky
6
The Trajectory of Poor Neighborhoods in Southern California,
1970–2000 173
Shannon McConville and Paul Ong
7
The Shape of the Curve:
Household Income Distributions in U.S. Cities, 1979–99 195
Alan Berube and Thacher Tiffany
v
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Contents
8
Homeownership and Younger Households:
Progress among African Americans and Latinos 245
Dowell Myers and Gary Painter
9
Rising Affordability Problems among Homeowners 267
Patrick A. Simmons
10
The Sheltered Homeless in Metropolitan Neighborhoods:
Evidence from the 1990 and 2000 Censuses 285
Barrett A. Lee and Chad R. Farrell
11
Patterns and Trends in Overcrowded Housing:
Results from Census 2000 311
Patrick A. Simmons
Contributors 331
Index 333
vi
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Foreword
U
rban areas will claim nearly all of the world’s population growth
during the next thirty years, according to the United Nations. It is
no surprise, then, that the fortunes of cities and metropolitan areas figure
prominently among the concerns of leaders across the globe. Public- and
private-sector officials from Philadelphia to London to Beijing are grappling
with the universal challenges of population growth or decline, poverty,
housing, traffic, and their effects on metropolitan dwellers and urban form.
The rising importance of these issues led Brookings in 2004 to establish
the Metropolitan Policy Program as the institution’s fourth major program,
our first new program since 1948. Under the direction of Bruce Katz, the
Metro program enjoys a reputation as a unique model for research, analy-
sis, and public education on the issues confronting metropolitan areas. That
reputation is built in part on the program’s Living Cities Census Series, a
three-year effort to distill major findings from Census 2000 for a wide audi-
ence of public- and private-sector leaders across the United States.
Brookings’s interest in this area follows naturally from the essential role
the census plays in our nationhood. Conducted every ten years since 1790,
the census links each generation of Americans across the whole of our his-
tory. It yields the population counts on which our representative democracy
depends, provides an essential evidence base for implementing a host of fed-
eral policies, and effectively tells us “who we are” as a society.
The Metro program’s work in this area acknowledges that the influence
of the census extends far beyond Washington. Urban and suburban leaders
recognize the unique capacity of the census to describe the state of places that
vii
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Foreword
define our day-to-day lives: metropolitan areas, big cities, small towns, even
neighborhoods and streets. That information helps local corporate, political,
and civic officials to understand their customers, their voters, and their com-
munities. Increasingly, mayors and other local elected leaders are using cen-
sus results to establish baselines and set targets for future performance. They
are also identifying peer cities and suburbs, in order to exchange ideas and
aspirations with counterparts who face similar opportunities and challenges.
Census research by the Metro program and its network of scholars, and
by the Fannie Mae Foundation, has provided a critical framework for those
efforts. This second volume of Redefining Urban and Suburban America
unites the two organizations once again and collects several of their best cen-
sus analyses to portray the disparate demographic trends affecting cities and
metropolitan areas in the 1990s.
The first volume in this series focused on population growth and decline,
and dramatic changes occurring in the racial and ethnic makeup of cities and
suburbs. The current volume focuses on an even richer set of subjects from
Census 2000—migration and immigration; income and poverty; and hous-
ing and homeownership. The findings in this volume demonstrate the con-
tinued ascendance of the Sunbelt, whose cities and suburbs are growing
magnets for both domestic migrants and immigrants. They portray stunning
improvements in the conditions of the nation’s poorest neighborhoods,
alongside growing numbers of lower-income households in cities. And the
chapters highlight significant progress on homeownership, amid a troubling
countercurrent of families increasingly burdened by housing costs.
This book and this series represent a continuing partnership among
Living Cities (formerly the National Community Development Initiative),
the Fannie Mae Foundation, and the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan
Policy Program. The collection further cements the 1990s as a time of pro-
found change in metropolitan America, foreshadows important develop-
ments in the current decade, and urges new thinking about the role of our
nation’s cities and suburbs in an emerging global urban age.
strobe talbott
President
Washington, D.C.
February 2005
viii
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Redefining
Urban and Suburban
America