Table Of Content

RED STAR OVER IRAQ JOHAN FRANZÉN RED STAR OVER IRAQ Iraqi Communism Before Saddam Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York cup.columbia.edu © Johan Franzén, 2011 All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Franzén, Johan. Red star over Iraq : Iraqi communism before Saddam / Johan Franzén. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-70230-0 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-80013-6 (ebook) 1. Communism—Iraq—History. 2. Hizb al-Shuyu‘i al-‘Iraqi—History. 3. Iraq—Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. HX385.A6F73 2011 324.2567'07509045—dc22 2011003654 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book is printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in India c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. سىنن لا كى CONTENTS Abbreviations xi A Note on Transliteration and Style xii Glossary xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction 1 1. The Making of a Nation 5 2. The Iraqi Communist Party and the Advent of Ideological Politics 33 3. Communists, Kurds, and Arab Nationalists in Revolutionary Iraq, 1958–1963 85 4. ‘Non-Capitalist’ Development, ‘Arab Socialism’ and Armed Rebellion During the Reign of the ‘Arefs, 1963–1968 127 5. Nationalism, Patriotism and ‘Progressiveness’ in the Era of Ba‘thi Consolidation of State Power, 1968–1979 185 Conclusion 245 Bibliography 249 Index 263 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Commemoration of martyrs (shuhada’) killed during the Wathbah of January 1948. Baghdad, 7 March 1948. Repro- duced with permission from Mubajal Baban. 55 2. Communist prisoners in al-Kut prison, 1948. Reproduced with permission from Mohamad al-Shibiby. 57 3. ICP leadership, 1959. Reproduced with permission from the Iraqi Communist Party. 104 4. Popular demonstration, 1959. Reproduced with permission from the Iraqi Communist Party. 106 5. Communist army officers. Reproduced with permission from the Iraqi Communist Party. 107 6. ICP-delegation, 1959. Reproduced with permission from Dar al-Mada Publishers. 122 7. Husayn Ahmad al-Radi, 1961. Reproduced with permission from Dar al-Mada Publishers. 125 8. Three communist leaders. Reproduced with permission from Dar al-Mada Publishers. 129 9. Muhammad Husayn Abu l-‘Iss. Reproduced with permission from Mohamad al-Shibiby. 130 10. The Central Command, 1969. Reproduced with permission from al-Sayyad Magazine. 182 11. Saleh Mahdi Duglah. Reproduced with permission from In‘am al-Abayaji. 241 12. Members of the party leadership, Iraqi Kurdistan. Repro- duced with permission from Baqer Ibrahim al-Musawi. 242 ix