Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Technology and Properties

421 Pages·2023·6.817 MB·English

by  Natt Makul

Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) as a sustainable material is gaining increasing
importance in the construction industry. This book discusses properties, specifications,
and applications of RAC and offers readers insight into current research and advances
in the development and utilization of RAC. It shares information gathered about
concretes that use RCA (Recycled Concrete Aggregate, a component of RAC), as well
as findings and conclusions.
This book:
• Presents principles of RAC, including theories and experiments.
• Describes advanced behavior and properties.
• Covers specifications and codes.
• Highlights best practices.
• Summarizes the use of RAC in sustainable concrete construction.
• Features scientific findings, citations of reliable sources, conclusions, and
recommendations that ensure the book is accessible to various levels of
expertise.
This book will be useful for researchers, concrete scientists, technologists, practicing
engineers, and advanced students interested in reusing construction waste for
sustainable construction practices; it will help them strive toward meeting the UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
IOM3 Publications
Series editor: The Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining (IOM3)
Materials and the associated fields of minerals and mining are indispensable to
modern society. To optimize our consumption of materials, to minimize the impact
of mining, and to ensure disposal of used materials in a responsible way it is more
essential than ever to fully understand their production, properties, applications, and
alternatives. The IOM3 Publications Series seeks works on a range of topics rele-
vant to materials, minerals and mining science, and engineering in the 21st century
as societies around the world evolve to meet the universal challenges of awareness,
sustainability, adaptability, and responsible use. Experts from industry, research
institutes, and academia are invited to submit proposals for books within the fields
of materials science, minerals, and mining, especially those focused on providing
commentary on or solutions to contemporary societal issues, such an energy, the
environment, health care, and emerging topics in automation, AI, and machine
learning.
Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Technology and Properties
Natt Makul
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/
IOM3-Publications/book-series/CRCIOM3
Recycled Aggregate
Concrete
Technology and Properties
Natt Makul
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Natt Makul
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
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ISBN: 978-1-032-18941-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-18987-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-25709-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003257097
Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA).......................1
1.1 RCA for Sustainable Construction...........................................1
1.2 Assessment and Variations of the Existing Concrete
Materials and Structures...........................................................6
1.3 Ending Cementitious Materials (Demolition and
Decommission).......................................................................11
1.4 Characterizations and Classifications of RCA.......................14
1.5 Utilization of RCA in Concrete.............................................15
Chapter 2 Principles of Recycled Aggregate Concretes (RACs): Theories
and Experiments ...............................................................................17
2.1 Rheology of Fresh RAC.........................................................17
2.2 Physico-Mechanical Characterization of RAC......................19
2.3 Microstructures of RAC: Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)...21
2.4 Mechanical Properties of RAC..............................................21
2.5 Durability of Concrete Containing RCA...............................36
Chapter 3 Advanced Behaviors and Properties of RAC...................................45
3.1 RCA in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.......................................45
3.2 RCA in Reactive Powder Concrete.......................................50
3.3 RCA in Self-Consolidating Concrete.....................................56
3.4 RCA in Green Concrete.........................................................61
3.5 RCA in Nano Concrete..........................................................79
3.6 RCA in Repair Concrete........................................................83
3.7 RCA in Reinforced and Pre-Stressed Concrete.....................84
Chapter 4 Specifications, Production, and Applications of RAC.....................93
4.1 Specifications and Codes of RAC..........................................93
4.2 Production of RAC...............................................................107
4.3 RAC for Buildings................................................................115
4.4 Mix Design and Quality Control of RAC...........................124
4.5 Test Methods on RAC Structures........................................127
Chapter 5 Good Practices in RCA Concrete...................................................129
5.1 Assessing the Use of RAC in Practice................................129
5.2 Mix Proportion Designation of RCA in Concrete..............140
v
vi Contents
5.2.1 Fiber-Reinforced RAC............................................142
5.2.2 High-Strength RAC.................................................194
5.2.3 Marine RAC............................................................284
5.2.4 Self-Compacting RAC............................................328
5.3 Monitoring and Repairing of RCA Structures....................365
Chapter 6 Sustainable RCA for Sustainable Concrete Construction..............367
6.1 Sustainable RCA in Concrete..............................................367
6.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of RAC...............................373
6.3 Economic and Cost Analysis of RAC.................................376
6.4 Potential Environmental Hazards of RAC...........................381
6.5 Further Trends in Research and Practice on RAC..............385
Bibliography.........................................................................................................389
Index......................................................................................................................405
Preface
There is no room for doubt regarding the fact that this book will inspire
discussion. It is never simple to question an established system, regardless of the
nature of the system or the context in which it functions. Because of this, we
are going to make every effort to keep things the way they are. After working in
the cement industry for the past 15 years, during which time I have also been
involved in the research and development of alternative cement ingredients, I
believe it is my duty to share the information that I have gathered about concretes
that make use of recycled aggregates, as well as my findings and conclusions with
regard to these concretes. For our benefit, the benefit of our children, the benefit
of our loved ones, and the benefit of society as a whole, which will live in a safe
and sustainable environment free of emissions, I hope that this report has the
capacity to raise public awareness and begin a conversation that might lead to
substantial changes and a rethinking of construction materials. I also hope to
launch a debate that may lead to significant changes. In addition, it is my sincere
wish that this book’s publication drives heightened general awareness and sparks
a debate that will lead to the introduction of significant policy changes. In spite of
this, a scientific approach has to consider the various contaminants that may be
found in recycled aggregates like glass, metal, and gypsum that come from the
demolition of ancient buildings and structures. Even though I would want to see
recycled concrete aggregates become a common building material that is
employed in the construction of structures and foundations, I do not believe
this will happen unless the presence of these pollutants is addressed first.
This book is divided up into a total of six chapters. In the first place, it is open to the
general public, including those with a limited or nonexistent grasp of the process of
producing Portland cement or recycled concrete aggregates. This accessibility is of the
utmost importance. This book is aimed at a specific demographic of readers in
particular.
Regarding recycled concrete aggregates, there is much information to process.
This includes the characteristics and concepts of recycled concrete aggregates,
their applications, best practices, and sustainability. Specific chapters may present
qualities, ideas, and behaviors of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) that are
more difficult to comprehend than others; however, the scientific arguments
presented, the citations from authentic sources, the conclusions formed, and the
recommendations made will guarantee that it is relatively easy to understand.
Anyone who possesses a fundamental grasp of physics will have no trouble
vii
viii Preface
comprehending recycled concrete aggregate’s characteristics and behaviors.
Because this book is not structured like a textbook, it is straightforward to read
in the order in which the chapters are laid out.
Natt Makul
September, 2022
Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand
1 Introduction to
Recycled Concrete
Aggregate (RCA)
1.1 RCA FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Sustainability issues like climate change must be addressed in order to make
progress. Societal alterations are becoming required on a big scale, at a systemic
level, and throughout time. Sustainability transitions describe changes that lead to a
more environmentally friendly future. There must be significant changes in the
systems that provide for the needs of humans in order for them to be met in the
future. Scholars who study sustainability transitions have done much research over
the past 20 years and said that the significant, big changes that people hope for are
not going to happen, a lot of significant changes have not happened yet, and that
transitions research has to widen its reach to accommodate new viewpoints and re-
energize its creative capacity. The way knowledge is made has been thought of as a
possible reason for this, disseminated, and how they are applied in society has a
significant effect on transition processes, and reconsidering knowledge creation
systems may be a primary lever for facilitating revolutionary transformation (Jones,
2014). With the inclusion of a broader range of social actors, there is a growing
emphasis on collaboratively creating information that is both policy-relevant and
action-guiding in order to enable sustainability transitions (Friend et al., 2016).
During the process of transition, it is thought to be essential to use co-creative ways
to develop knowledge in order to: (a) recognize the multiplicity of values that
influence the perceived attractiveness of competing transition approaches across
society actors; (b) effectively disrupt and counteract entrenched power systems’
conflicts of interest in established structures that stifle change, and (c) help people
participate in the process of making changes.
There needs to be more creative ways to get people to help co-create knowledge
about how to make the world a better place. When people work together on new
knowledge, it is essential to point out that participation alone is not enough; it is
also important to consider how the outputs of these processes are used. The vital
importance of involving citizens in these processes is a necessary precondition for
democratizing transitions and establishing the viability of co-creation of knowledge
in the first place. Since the subject’s introduction, different normative situations
have been developed, and initiatives of all kinds and scopes involved in transi-
tioning to a more sustainable future have adopted this standard technique.
There are scenarios regularly generated and discussed in the field by expert groups
and a select set of interested parties; general people have to deal with the long-term
DOI: 10.1201/9781003257097-1 1