9 8 3 f o 1 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U R T S N O C , Y R O T S I H G IN Recovering History, Constructing Race R E V O C E R / a c a h c n e M 0 0 4 6 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 8 3 f o 2 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U R T S N O C , Y R O T S I H G N I R E V O C E R The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series / a ac in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture h c n e M 0 0 4 6 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 8 3 f o 3 t e e h s / E C A R G IN R E C O V E R I N G H I S T O R Y , T C U R T S N C O N S T R U C T I N G R A C E O C , Y R O T S HI The Indian, Black, and White Roots G N I of Mexican Americans R E V O C E R / by Martha Menchaca a c a h c n e M 0 0 4 6 University of Texas Press 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 8 3 f o 4 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U R Partsofchapters2,8,and9previouslyappearedinMenchaca1993, T S N ‘‘ChicanoIndianism:AHistoricalAccountofRacialRepressionin O C theUnitedStates,’’AmericanEthnologist20(3):583–603. , Y PortionsofthehistoryofschoolingintheSouthwestdiscussed R O T inchapter6andontheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandcitizen- S HI shipdicussedinchapter8appearedinanearlierversionas‘‘The G TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandtheRacializationoftheMexican N I R Population,’’inTheElusiveQuestforEquality:150Yearsof E OV Chicano/ChicanaEducation,ed.JoséF.Moreno(Cambridge,Mass.: C E HarvardEducationalReview,1999),pp.3–29.Copyright1999by R / thePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege.Allrightsreserved. a c a h Copyright©2001bytheUniversityofTexasPress c en Allrightsreserved M PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 0 40 Firstedition,2001 6 Requestsforpermissiontoreproducematerialfromthiswork shouldbesenttoPermissions,UniversityofTexasPress,P.O.Box 7819,Austin,TX78713-7819. (cid:10)Thepaperusedinthisbookmeetstheminimumrequirements ofansi/nisoz39.48-1992(r1997)(PermanenceofPaper). LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Menchaca,Martha. Recoveringhistory,constructingrace:theIndian,black,and whiterootsofMexicanAmericans/byMarthaMenchaca.—1sted. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex. isbn0-292-75253-9(cloth:alk.paper)— isbn0-292-75254-7(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.MexicanAmericans—Raceidentity. 2.MexicanAmericans— Ethnicidentity. 3.MexicanAmericans—History. 4.Racially mixedpeople—UnitedStates—History. 5.UnitedStates—Race relations. 6.UnitedStates—Ethnicrelations. 7.Racism—United States—History. 8.UnitedStates—Relations—Mexico. 9.Mexico—Relations—UnitedStates. I.Title. e184.m5m46 2001 973'.046872—dc21 2001033309 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 8 3 f o 5 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U R T S N O C , Y R O T S I H G N RI For my family E V O C E R / a c a h c n e M 0 0 4 6 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 9 8 3 f o 7 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U Contents R T S N O C , Y R O T S I H G N RI xi Acknowledgments E V O C 1 Introduction E R / 14 1. RacialFoundations a c ha 49 2. RacialFormation:Spain’sRacialOrder c n Me 67 3. TheMoveNorth:TheGranChichimecaand 00 NewMexico 4 6 97 4.TheSpanishSettlementofTexasandArizona 127 5. TheSettlementofCaliforniaandtheTwilightof theSpanishPeriod 161 6. LiberalRacialLegislationduringtheMexicanPeriod, 1821–1848 187 7. Land,Race,andWar,1821–1848 215 8. TheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandtheRacialization oftheMexicanPopulation 277 9. RacialSegregationandLiberalPoliciesThenandNow 297 Epilogue:Auto/ethnographicObservationsofRace andHistory 311 Notes 331 Bibliography 367 Index 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 9 8 3 f o 9 t e e h s / E C A R G N I T C U Illustrations R T S N O C , Y R O T S I H G N I Maps R E V CO 22 1.WhereIsAztlán?MapofAmericabyAbrahamOrtelius, E R 1575 / a 28 2.Mesoamerica c a 45 3.Ghanaa.d.1050andMalia.d.1300 h nc 119 4.Arizona e M 0 0 4 Photographs 6 6 1.MyFather’sAunts 6 2.MyFather’sUncle,EulalioRobles 7 3.MyFather,LauroMenchacaRobles 9 4.AFamilyVisittoChicomoztoc,Zacatecas 98 5.MissionSanJosé 98 6.MissionSanJuandeCapistranoandAztecDancers,1996 99 7.MissionSanJuandeCapistranoandMySonsatthe Soldiers’Quarters,1996 99 8.MissionSanJuandeCapistrano:Altar 116 9.SpanishPlaza,Nacogdoches,1779 131 10.ReenactmentoftheSettlementatPresidioHill,withBeds andTentsUsedbytheColonists,15June1996 139 11.MissionSanDiegodeAlcalá 142 12.MissionSanLuisRey 142 13.MissionSanLuisRey:RemainsoftheSoldiers’Sleeping Quarters 143 14.MissionSanLuisRey:LuiseñoWomen’sWeavingRoom 143 15.MissionSanLuisRey:TheCandleMakingRoom 143 16.MissionSanLuisRey:LuiseñoMetatesandGrinding Stones 144 17.MissionSanJuanCapistrano:Courtyard 1 5 : 3 1 4 1 . 9 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T
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