Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University NUMBER 200 5 September 2000 Records of Mammals from Northeast and South Texas Cody W. Edwards, Darin S. Carroll, Melinda L. Clary, Kristina E. Halcomb, Michelle L Haynie, StevenR. Hoofer, Federico G. Hoffmann, MarkB. O’Neill, Eric Webb, Meredith J. Hamilton, Ronald A, Van Den Bussche, David,I Schmidly, Clyde Jones, aw Robert D, Bradley In July, 1999, 17 species of mammals repre¬ Management Area, Lamar Co. One individual was shot senting new county records for Anderson, Cass, over an open field sun'ounded by woodlands. The Dimmit, Lamar, I.eon, Morns, and Titus counties (Fig. second individual was shot over a small pond sur¬ 1) were recorded from six Texas Parks and Wildlife rounded by dense tree cover. Specimens of Lasiw us Management Areas (Big Lake Bottom, Chapairal, Gus borealis also W'ere collected at both of these localities. Engeling, Keechi Creek, Pat Mayse, and White Oak Twelve individuals w'ere collected fi'om White Oak Creek Creek). Below, we have discussed the distributions of Wildlife Management Area, Cass Co. These individu¬ these taxa and have provided brief comments con¬ als were shot over a flooded timber area formed by a cerning habitats in which they were collected. All series of levees and dikes designed to enhance w'ater- voucher materials (skins, skulls, and tissues) were fowl management practices. Much of the water had deposited in the Collection of Recent Mammals in the been drained leaving small, isolated ponds. Specimens Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of off. borealis and Nycticeius humeral is also were col¬ Texas Tech University. lected at tliis locality. Additionally, nine individuals were collected at White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area, Moms Co. These individuals, along with one Eastern Pipistrelle specimen each of M humeral is and L. borealis, were {Pipistrelius suhjlavus) shot over an open field bordered by a stream. The eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus suhflavus, Specimens examined (23).—Lamar Co., Pat commonly occurs in eastern Texas, including the Rolling Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 251523E Plains w'est to Annstrong Co. and central Texas west 3744521N), I female (TTU 80642), 8 July 1999; to Val Verde Co., with extralimital records in Lubbock, Lamar Co,, Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area Tom Green, and Presidio counties, (Davis and Schmidly, (UTM 15 250595H 3744843N), 1 unknown sex (TTU 1994; Yancey et ah, 1995). This species typically for¬ 80653), 9 July 1999; Cass Co., White Oak Creek Wild¬ ages early in the evening near open woodlands or wood¬ life Management Area (UTM 15 350905E3678142N), land borders and usually near water (Jones ct ah, 1985; 7 males, 3 females, and 2 unknown sex (TTU 80676- Choate et ah, 1994; Davis and Schmidly, 1994). It 80678, 80683-80684, 80698, 80700-80703, 80705, can often be distinguished by its erratic, motii-like flight 80706), 11-12 July 1999; Moms Co., White Oak Creek (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). Despite the widespread Wildlife Managcnient Area (UTM 15 338873B distribution of this species, few specimens have been 3679039N), 5 males and 4 females (TTU 80662-80663, reported in the upper eastern portions of Texas. Two 80707-80710, 80712-80714), 10-13 July 1999. individuals were obtained at the Pat Mayse Wildlife Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Figure 1. Location of Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) and counties sampled in this study. Pat Mayse WMA is located in Lamar Co.; White Oak Creek WMA in Cass, Morris, andd’itiis counties; Gus Engeling and Big Lake Bottom WMAs in Anderson Co.; Kccchi Creek WMA in Leon Co.; and CTaparral WMA in Dimmit Co. Eastern Red Bat from 62 of 91 counties (Davis and Sclimidly, 1994). {Lasiurus borealis) One eastern red bat wa.s collected at the White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area, Morris Co. The I’he eastern red bat occurs throughout Texas, specimen was shot at a maintained recreational camp- but is most common in forested areas of the East Texas site. We collected five eastern red bats over a small region, eastern edges of the Edwards Plateau and Cross pond at the Keechi Creek Wildlife Management Area, Timbers and Prairies regions, and the northeastern edge Leon Co. Other species collected at the same time in of the Rio Grande Plains region (Davis and Schmidly, both Leon and Moms counties were N. humeralis and 1994). 'fhe occuiTence of L. borealis in the East Texas P. subjlavus. region has been well documented, having been recorded Edwards et ai.. Records of Mammals from Northeast and South Texas 3 Specimens examined(6).—Morris Co., While occur in nearby Anderson, Brazos, and Madison coun¬ Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 ties (Davis and Sclimidly, 1994), this is the first indi¬ 338873E3679039N), 1 female (TTU 80665), 10 July vidual of this species to be recorded in Leon County. 1999; Leon Co., Keechi Creek Wildlife Management Other species collected at this time included L borea¬ Area (UTM 15 230923F 3482825N), 3 males and 2 lis and P. subflavus. females ( ITU 80749-80753), 15 July 1999. Specimens examined (1).—Leon Co., Keechi Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 230923E Northern Yellow Bat 3482825N), 1 male (TTU 80755), 16 July 1999. {L as lurus in term edius) Lasinrus intermedins is uncommon in Texas Nine-banded Armadillo and is lound only in the eastern and southern parts of {Dasypus novemcinctus) the state (Davis and Schmidly, 1994), the western¬ most limit of its range in the United States (Choate et The mne-banded armadillo, Dasypus al., 1994). Northern yellow' bats typically are solitary, novemcinctus, occurs throughout much of Texas inhabiting forested areas near pemianent w'ater (Choate (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). 2'his species occurs in et ah, 1994) where they forage over open, grassy ar¬ habitats ranging from wet to relatively dry', but it is eas (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). A single specimen found in greatest numbers in areas of dense cover was collected at the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management where the food supply is more abundant (Schmidly, Area, Lamar Co. This specimen represents the north¬ 1983). One individual was obtained from White Oak ern-most record for Texas. One specimen of P. Creek Wildlife Management Area, Cass Co. This .speci¬ subflavLis was collected at this locality. Additionally, men was collected in a grassy ditch within a hard- w'e collected a single female at the Big Lake Bottom w'ood bottomland that is seasonally flooded by the Wildlife Management Area, Anderson Co. This bat, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department for waterfowl along with nine individuals of L borealis, was cap¬ management practices. tured over a small, permanent pond located in the middle of a large clearing surrounded by dense bot¬ Specimens examined (1).—Cass Co., White tomland forest. Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 350471E 3677937N), 1 male (TTU 80673), 11 July Specimens examined (2).—Lamar Co., Pat 1999. Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 250595E 3744843N) 1 female (TTU 80654), 9 July 1999; Ander¬ son Co., Big Lake Bottom Wildlife Management Area Eastern Cottontail (UTM I5 232726E3512777N), 1 female (TTU 80739), (Sylvilagus floridaniis) 10 July 1999. The eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus jloridanus, is found throughout the eastern tluee-fourths of the Evening Bat slate and in some areas of the Trans-Pecos region of (Nycticei us h u m era I is) Texas. Cottontails live in briishland and other habitats that provide dense cover (Davi.s and Schmidly, 1994), The evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis, gen¬ We collected one specimen at the White Oak Creek erally trequents forested areas and watenvays in the Wildlife .Management Area, Cass Co. This specimen eastern and southem portions of Texas (Davis and w'as collected in an overgrown grass field adjacent to Schmidly, 1994). Additionally, recent records from densely forested area. Val Verde and Presidio counties indicate a presence in w'estem Texas (Dowler et ah, 1999). A single speci¬ Specimens examined (1).—Cass Co., White men was collected at the Keechi Creek Wildlife Man¬ Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 agement Area, Leon Co. This individual was shot over 350030E 3678790N), 1 female (TTU 80686), 11 July a medium-sized pond. Although this bat is known to 1999. 4 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech Umversh v Black-tailed Jackrabbit Specimens examined (1).—Morris Co., White {LepuH californicus) Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 338873E 3679093N), 1 female (TfU 80729), 14 July The black-tailed jacki-abbit, Lepus californicus, 1999. occurs throughout much of Texas (Davis and Sclmiidly, 1994). It occurs primarily in grassy scm- blands and is often abundant in overgrazed grasslands Fulvous Harvest Mouse (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). One individual was col¬ {Reithrodontomys fulvescens) lected at the Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, Dimmit Co. The specimen was obtained in desert scru¬ The fulvous harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys bland. fulvescens, is distributed in the eastern and the south¬ ern portion of Texas. Its preferred habitats are giassy Specimens examined {\).—Dimmit Co., Chap¬ areas intennixed with shmbs or creek bottoms with arral Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 350030E tangled vines and brush (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). 3678790N), 1 male (TTU 80872), 18 July 1999. We obtained one R. fulvescens from White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area, Cass Co. An additional specimen was collected in Morris Co. from the White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area. Five individu¬ Baird’s Pocket Gopher als were obtained in LamarCo., at the i*at Mayse Wildlife {Geomys breviceps) Management Area. All of these individuals were col¬ lected in grassy areas suiroundcd by woodlands. Other Baird’s pocket gopher, Geomys breviceps, species collected at these localities were Peromyscus occurs in the eastern portion of Texas (Davis and leucopus (Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area), Schmidly, 1994). This species is fossorial, constructs Peromyscus gossypinus and Sigmodon hispidus (White conspicuous mounds, and typically is associated with Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area). sandy soils (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). Four indi¬ viduals w'ere obtained in Moms Co. at the White Oak Specimens examined (7).—Cass Co., White Creek Wildlife Management Area. These individuals Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 were collected in a grassy field near a maintained rec¬ 350905E 3678142N), 1 male (TTU 80674), 12 July reational campsite. 1999; Moms Co., White Oak Creek Wildlife Manage¬ ment Aiea (UTM 15 338395E3679008N), I male (TTU Specimens examined (4).—Morris Co., White 80720), 14 .July 1999; Lamar Co., Pat Mayse Wildlife Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 Management Area (U'lM 15 251958E 3744837N), 1 338873R 3679093N), 1 male and 1 female (TTTJ 80672 male (TTU 80651), 8 July 1999; (UTM 15 252105E and 80675), 11 July 1999; (UTM 15 338873E 3744975N), 2 females (TTU 80625, 80627), 8 July 3679093N), 1 female (TTU 80687), 12 July 1999; 1999;(15 251428E3745381N), 1 male (TTU 80646), (UTM 15 338395E 3679008N), 1 male (TTU 80711), 9 July 1999; (15 248772E 3744702N), 1 male (TTU 14 July 1999. 80660), 10 July 1999. American Beaver Cotton Mouse {Castor canadensis) {Peromyscus gossypinus) d’he American beaver, Castor canadensis, is known to inhabit most of the northeastern portion of The cotton mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus, Texas (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). We collected a occurs primarily in woodlands within the eastern one- single specimen from a creek on the White Oak Creek fourth of Texas (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). Indi¬ Wildlife Management Area, Moms Co. ’t his is the viduals of this species commonly are found along water only specimen reported for Morris Co.; how'ever, courses where stumps and fallen logs provide cover, records confinn the presence of this species in every or within woodland habitats (Davis and Schmidly, sunounding county (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). 1994). Five individuals were obtained from the White EOWARDS ET AL.— RECORDS OF MaMMALS FROM NORTHEAST AND SoUTH TeXAS 5 Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area. One individual Deer Mouse was captured in Moms Co., two individuals were col¬ {Peromyscus m an icu I a tus) lected from Cass Co., and two individuals were ob¬ tained from ritus Co. All captures occurred in hard¬ The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, wood bottomland habitats. Reithrodontomysfulvescens occurs statewdde but is uncommon in coastal, east¬ and S. hispidus also were collected at these localities. ern, and southern portions of Texas (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). Deer mice inhabit a variety of areas Specimens examined(5).—Morris Co., White from mixed forests to sparsely vegetated deserts. This Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 species typically occupies grasslands and open areas 337779H 3683426N), 1 male (TTU 80671), 10 July ofbrush that provide cover and a source of food (Davis 1999; Cass Co., White Oak Creek Wildlife Manage¬ and Schmidly, 1994). We obtained one P, mam'culatus ment Area (UTM 15 350030E 3678790N), 1 male and at the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area, Lamar 1 female ('ITU 80681 and 80682), 12 July 1999; Titus Co. This individual was trapped in an overgrown field. Co., Wliite Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM The eastern woodrat {Neotoma fJoridana) also was 15 350030E 3678790N), 1 male and 1 female (TTU collected at this trapping locality. This individual rep¬ 80727 and 80728), 14 July 1999. resents one of the eastern-most accounts of this spe¬ cies. White-footed Mouse Specimens examined (1). Lamar Co., Pat {Peromyscus leucopus) .Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 250595E 3744843N), 1 male (TTU 80643), 9 July 1999. The white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus^ \\2iS a statewide distribution and is found in a variety of habitats. Along the western border of Texas, Hispid Cotton Rat it IS restricted to creek and river bottoms. In east- {Sigmodon hispidus) central Texas, P. leucopus is most abundant in bot¬ tomlands. These mice often are found in hollow trees, The hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, is and therefore, are adept at climbing (Davis and distributed throughout Texas. The prefened habitats Schmidly, 1994). We obtained 16 specimens from are grassy areas that arc not subject to flooding, how¬ Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area, Lamar Co. This ever in the western portions of the state it inliabits species has been documented in all surrounding coun¬ more sparsely vegetated areas occupying clumps of ties of Lamar Co. The vegetation at the site of capture mesquile (Davis and Sclunidly, 1994). Eighteen speci¬ was a nparian forest. Reithrodontomys fulvescens also mens were collected at the White Oak Creek Wildlife was trapped at this site. Management Area, Morris Co. Four specimens w'ere obtained from the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area Specimens examined (16),- Lamar Co., Pat in Lamar Co. Additionally, P. gossypinus, P. leucopus, Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 25181 IN and R. fulvescens were collected at these localities. 3744694E), 1 female (TTU 80628), 8 July 1999; (UTM 15 252105E3744975N), 4 males (TTU 80635-80638), Specimens examined (22).—^Morris Co., White 8 July 1999; (UTM 15 251523E 3744521N), 1 male Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 and 5 females (TTU 80630-80634, 80639), 8 July 338395E 3679008N), 1 male and 6 females (TTU 1999; (UTM 15 251904N 3743351E), 2 males and 1 80666-80670, 80679, 80680), 10 July 1999; 4 males female (TTU 80645, 80648, and 80649), 9 July 1999; and 7 females (TTU 80715-80719, 80721-80726), 14 (UTM 15 251523E 374452IN), 1 male (TTU 80647), July 1999; Lamar Co., Pat Mayse Wildlife Manage¬ 9 July 1999; (UTM 15 251523E 3744521E), 1 male ment Area (UTM 15 252105E3744975N), 1 male (TTU (TTU 80658), 10 July 1999. 80626), 8 July 1999; (UTM 15 251523E 3744521N), 2 males (TTU 80656 and 80657), 10 July 1999; (UTM 15 251523E3744521N), 1 male (TTU 80661), 10 July 1999. 6 Oc:CASiONAL Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University Eastern Woodrat 1994; Davis and Scliraidly, 1994). Despite the large {Neotoma jJoridana) range of distribution, this species previously has been recorded in only 16 of the approximate 100 counties The castem woodrat, Neotoma floridana, is in its possible range. One specimen was collected at a common inhabitant of eastern and central Texas, the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area, Lamar Co. where it is associated with a wide range of habitats. This specimen was collected in a dense grassy area In east-central Texas, these rodents are known to oc¬ bordering on woodlands, along w'ith specimens of P. cur in association with upland post oak. In central leucopus and R. fulvescens. Texas they frequently live in rocky canyon walls (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). A small mammal survey con¬ Specimens examined (1).—I.amar Co., Pat ducted at the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area, Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 251958E Lamar Co., resulted in the capture of one specimen of 3744837N), 1 male (TfU 80652), 8 July 1999. N.floridana. Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus were collected at this locality. One additional speci¬ men of N. floridana was captured during a similar River Otter effort conducted at the Keechi Creek Wildlife Man¬ {Lontra canadensis) agement Area, Leon Co. Peromyscus gossypinus also was collected at this locality. The river otter, Lontra canadensis, is an un¬ common inhabitant of major watersheds in the eastern Specimens examined (2).—Lamar Co., Pat one-fourth of the stale (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). Mayse Wildlife Management Area (UTM 15 250595E Although the range of the river otter covers roughly 374335 IN), 1 male (TTU 80644), 9 July 1999; Leon half of the northern, cenlTal, and eastern portions of Co., Keechi Creek Wildlife Management Area (UTM the state, it probably has been extirpated from the Pan¬ 15 23151 IE 3482362N), 1 female (TTU 80744), 16 handle, north-central, and southern I’exas (Davis and July 1999. Schmidly, 1994). One individual was obtained as a salvage specimen (road kill) from Cass Co. This speci¬ men represents the northeastern-most record for a river Woodland vole otter in Texas. Additionally, this record is noteworthy {Microtus pinetorum) due to the lack of documentation of these seldom seen mils tel ids. This individual of L. canadensis collected The woodland vole, Microtus pinetorum, can at the aforementioned locality was prepared as a be found in the eastern and central parts of Texas, voucher specimen. although it has been recorded only in tliree counties (Montague, Grayson, and Bowie) along the Texas- Specimens examined (1).—Cass Co., 1 mi S, Oklahoma border (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). I'his 3 mi W Marietta, 1 male (TTU 80694), 9 September species is found in or near wooded areas where ground 1998. cover is abundant (Jones et ah, 1985; Choate et ah, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Wm would like to thank Richard E. Hines and tance in collecting specimens. This study was sup¬ Joe D. Worley (Pat Mayse Whldlife Management Area), ported by Gary Edson (Executive Director, Museum John C. Jones (White Oak Creek Wildlife Management of Texas Tech University) through the 1999 Field Meth¬ Area), Kay Fleming and James C. Catliey (Keeclii Creek ods class, funds appropriated by the state of Texas and Big Lake Bottom Wildlife Management Areas), and involving a collaboration among the Texas Parks and David R. S>iiatzske and Chip Ruthven (Chaparral Wild¬ Wildlife Department, U.S. Geological Survey Coop¬ life Management Area) for access to Texas Parks and erative Research Unit, and the Natural Science Re¬ Wildlife properties. Additional thanks to Lisa search Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech Univer¬ Perlmutter, Charlie Marlin, Jordanna Hooten, Bert sity, and a National Institutes of Health Grant (DHHS Marks, Raegan King, and Chris O’Meilia for assis¬ A14 1435-01) to R. D.. Bradley. Edwards kt al.—- Records of Mammals from Northeast aind South Texas 7 LITERATURE CITED Choate, J. R., J. K. Jones, Jr., and C. Jones. 1994. Jones, J. K., Jr., D. M. Amistrong, and J, R. Choate. Handbook of mammals of the south-central 1985. Guide to mammals of the plains states. states. Louisiana State University Press, Ba¬ University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. ton Rouge. 304 pp. 371 pp. Davis, W. B., and D. J. Schmidly. 1994. The mam¬ Schmidly, D. J. 1983. Texas mammals east of the mals of Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife De¬ Balcones Fault Zone. Texas A&M University partment, Austin. 338 pp. Press, College Station. 400 pp. Dowler, R. C., R. C. Dawkins, and T. C. Maxwell. Yancey, F. D., II, C. .Tones, and R. Manning. 1995. 1999. Range extensions for the evening bat The easlem pipistrelle, Pipistrellus suhjlavus {Nycticeius humeralis) in west Texas. The (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from the Big I’exas Journal of Science. 51:193-195 Bend region of Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 47:229-231. Addresses of Authors: Cody W. Edwards Federico G. EIofemann Texas Tech University Texas Tech University Department of Biological Sciences Department of Biological Sciences Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 e-mail: ced\vards@ttacs. ttu. edu e-mail: [email protected] Darin S. Carroll Mark B. O’Neeij. Texas Tech University Texas Tech University Department of Biological Sciences Department of Biological Sciences Lubbock, TX 79409-313 J Lubbock. TX 79409-3131 e-mail: [email protected]. edu e-mail: doc [email protected] Melinda L. Clarv EkicWeub Texas Tech University Oklahoma State University Department of Biological Sciences Department of Zoology, 430 Life Sciences fVest Lubbock. TX 79409-313! Stillwater, OK 78047 e-mail: mclar\>@ttacs. ttu. edu e-mail: ericwehh@hotmail. com Kri.stena E. Halcomb Meredith J. Hamilton Texas Tech University Oklahoma State University Department of Biological Sciences Department of Zoology, 430 Life Sciences West Lubbock. TX 79409-3131 Stillwater, OK 78047 e-mail: [email protected]. edu e-mail: [email protected] MI c H FJ, L E. Ha YN ] E DAvro J. ScHMim.Y Texas Tech University Texas Tech University Department of Biological Sciences Vice President for Research ami Graduate Studies Lubbock, TX 79409-313! Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 e-mail: mhayne@ttacs,ttu.edu e-m a il: sch rn idlyi^ttacs. ttu. edu Steven R. Hoofer Clyde Jones Oklahoma State Universify Texas Tech University Department of Zoology, 430 Life Sciences West Department of Biological Sciences and The Museum Stillwater, OK 78047 Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: cjones@packrat. m usm. ttu. edu Ronai.d a. Van Den Biissche Robert D. Bradley Oklahoma State University Texas Tech University^ Department of Zoology’, 430 Life Sciences West Department of Biological Sciences and The Museum Stillwater, OK 78047 Lubbock, TX 79409-313! e-m a il: ra vdb @okstate. edu e-mail: [email protected] PUBMCAI IONS OF THE MuSEHM OF TeXAS TeCH UNIVERSITY It was through the efforts of Horn Professor J Knox Jones, as director of Academic Publications, that Texas Tech University initiated several publications series including the Occasional Papers of the Museum. This and future editions in the series are a memorial to his dedication to excellence in academic publications. Profes¬ sor Jones enjoyed editing scientific publications and served the scientific community as an editor for the Journal of Mammalogy, Evolution, T he fexas Journal of Science, Occasional Papers of the Museum, and Special Publications of the Museum, It is with special fondness that we remember Dr. J Knox Jones. Institutional subscriptions are available through the Museum ofTexas Tech University, attn: NSIUL Publica¬ tions Secretary, Box 43191, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191. Individuals may also purchase separate numbers of the Occasional Papers directly from the Museum of Texas Tech University. ISSN 0149-175X Museum ofTexas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191