Reconfigurable Circuits and Technologies for Smart Millimeter-Wave Systems Get up to speed on the modeling, design, technologies, and applications of tunable circuits and reconfigurable millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems. Coverage includes smart antennas and frequency-agile radio frequency (RF) components, as well as a detailed comparison of three key technologies for the design of tunable mm-wave circuits: complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS), RF microelectrome- chanical systems (MEMS), and microwave liquid crystals. Measurement results of state-of-the-artprototypesarealsoconsidered.Numerousexamplesoftunablecircuits and systems are included that can be practically implemented for the reader’s own needs. This book is ideal for graduate students studying RF/microwave engineering andresearchersandengineersinvolvedincircuitandsystemdesignfornewcommu- nication platforms such as mm-wave 5G and beyond, high-throughput satellites in geostationary orbit (GSO), and future satellite constellations in medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO), as well as for automotive radars, security, and biomedical mm-wavesystems. PhilippeFerrari isa professorat theRFIC-Lab atthe University of Grenoble. Rolf Jakoby is a professor and the managing director of the Institute for Microwave Engineering andPhotonics atthe Technical University of Darmstadt. Onur Hamza Karabey is the chief executive officer at ALCAN Systems GmbH, Darmstadt. Holger Maune is Privatdozent and leads the tunable microwave devices group at the Technical University ofDarmstadt. GustavoP.RehderisanassociateprofessorattheDepartmentofElectronicSystemsat theUniversity ofSão Paulo. EuMAHigh Frequency Technologies Series Series Editor Peter Russer, Technical University of Munich Homayoun Nikookar,WaveletRadio ThomasZwick,WernerWiesbeck,JensTimmermann,andGrzegorzAdamiuk(Eds), Ultra-widebandRF System Engineering Er-Ping Li andHong-Son Chu, Plasmonic Nanoelectronicsand Sensing Luca Roselli(Ed),GreenRFID Systems Vesna Crnojević-Bengin, Advances inMulti-band Microstrip Filters NataliaNikolova,Introduction toMicrowave Imaging KarlF.Warnick,RobMaaskant,MariannaV.Ivashina,DavidB.Davidson,andBrian D.Jeffs, PhasedArrays for RadioAstronomy, Remote Sensing,and Satellite Communications ApostolosGeorgiadis, Ana Collado, and Manos M. Tentzeris,EnergyHarvesting: Technologies, Systems, and Challenges fi Recon gurable Circuits and Technologies for Smart Millimeter-Wave Systems Edited by PHILIPPE FERRARI UniversityofGrenoble ROLF JAKOBY TechnicalUniversityofDarmstadt ONUR HAMZA KARABEY ALCANSystemsGmbH,Darmstadt HOLGER MAUNE TechnicalUniversityofDarmstadt GUSTAVO P. REHDER PolytechnicSchooloftheUniversityofSãoPaulo UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107102477 DOI:10.1017/9781316212479 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. 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Contents List of Contributors pagevi Preface ix List of Abbreviations xii 1 Introduction and Motivation 1 RolfJakobyandHolgerMaune 2 Reconfigurable Devicesand Smart Antennas 43 HolgerMauneandMatthiasNickel 3 CMOS and BiCMOS Technologies 108 PhilippeFerrari,SylvainBourdel,AlfredoBautista,andThomasQuémerais 4 RF MEMS Technology 201 GustavoP.Rehder,ArianaL.C.Serrano,MarceloN.P.Carreño,MehmetKaynak, SelinTolunayWipf,MatthiasWietstruck,andAlexanderGöritz 5 MicrowaveLiquid Crystal Technology 265 RolfJakoby,MatthiasJost,OnurHamzaKarabey,HolgerMaune,MatthiasNickel, ErsinPolat,RolandReese,HenningTesmer,andChristianWeickhmann Appendix1 SatelliteHistory, Orbits, and Classification 415 Appendix2 MultiphysicalModelingof Nematic Liquid Crystals 427 Index 436 v Contributors Alfredo Bautista AdvancedSilicon, Lausanne, Switzerland Sylvain Bourdel University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France Marcelo N.P. Carreño Polytechnic Schoolof theUniversity of São Paulo, SãoPaulo,Brazil Philippe Ferrari University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France Alexander Göritz Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics,Frankfurt (Oder), Germany Rolf Jakoby Technical University ofDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany MatthiasJost Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany Onur HamzaKarabey ALCANSystemsGmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Mehmet Kaynak Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics,Frankfurt (Oder), Germany HolgerMaune Technical University ofDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany MatthiasNickel Technical University ofDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany vi ListofContributors vii Ersin Polat Technical University ofDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany ThomasQuémerais STMicroelectronics, Grenoble, France RolandReese Deutsche Telekom Technik GmbH, Bonn GustavoP. Rehder Polytechnic Schoolof theUniversity of São Paulo, SãoPaulo,Brazil ArianaL. C. Serrano Polytechnic Schoolof theUniversity of São Paulo, SãoPaulo,Brazil Henning Tesmer Technical University ofDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Christian Weickhmann ALCANSystemsGmbH, Darmstadt, Germany MatthiasWietstruck Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics,Frankfurt (Oder), Germany Selin Tolunay Wipf Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics,Frankfurt (Oder), Germany