Recommended values of thermophysical properties for selected commercial alloys

247 Pages·2002·10.68 MB·English

by  K C Mills

Recommended values of
thermophysical properties
for selected
commercial alloys
Kenneth C Mills
National Physical Laboratory
The Materials
Information Society
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED
Cambridge England
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First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and ASM International
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FOREWORD
It is incredible to recall that personal computers first saw the light of day not much more than
20 years ago, so much now do computers dominate our lives. The growth of cheaper and
cheaper but more and more powerful computers has conferred an aura of invincibility upon
the keyboard, the mouse, the screen and the CPU. Nothing seems beyond them. The almost
unbelievable speed at which the computer has come to dominate key aspects of our personal,
legal, medical and technical activities has dazzled our senses and mesmerised us into thinking
that computing power is all that matters - that there is nothing the computer cannot do.
In reality, of course, the computer is a mere tool that can extend the speed and reach of the
human mind - informing our decisions but not changing the ways in which we make them.
The field of engineering is one where this important truth can be easily overlooked. The
enormity of the technical calculations that computers can now undertake and the complexity
of the engineer models that can be forged, imbue computers with an illusion of great
authority. But the true authority of a computer stems, not from the computer itself, but from
the quality of the data on which the computer model is built, a fact in danger of being
forgotten when engineering decisions are based on computed results.
Materials processing is a complex area linking many aspects of the physical, chemical and
microscale behaviour of materials. Computer methods are being rapidly developed, however,
to encompass this complexity, but as their scope expands, so does the need for accurate data
that quantifies wider and wider aspects of material behaviour during processing. In
acknowledgement of this need, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) initiated, in
1993, a series of programmes as part of its statutory/regulatory Programme in Materials
Metrology, to fund the development of methods for the measurement of material properties
that influence their behaviour during processing - The Processability Programmes. As a
major part of these Programmes, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) was contracted to
develop methods to measure the fluid flow and heat transfer properties of engineering alloys
at high temperatures — up to and beyond their melting points.
This is an area of measurement fraught with experimental difficulty - material reactivity is
high so that containers and measurement probes are subject to attack, material samples are
prone to contamination from the solid surfaces and gaseous atmospheres that they contact and
the controlled and uniform high temperature conditions required are difficult to establish and
sustain. Ken Mills played a leading role in the NPL team that carried out the work under
these DTI contracts - work which established NPL as, to quote a Swedish expert, 'one of the
leading laboratories in the world in property measurement'.
An important milestone in DTFs contract with NPL required validation of the methods that
were developed by reviewing the quality of the data they generated for accuracy, for
usefulness to industry and for standing against corresponding data measured in other world
wide centres. The review grew and grew, and has now grown further into the present book
by Ken Mills. It is very gratifying that its publication will make important results from the
DTI Processability Programmes widely available. Although all the members of NPL's team,
as Ken acknowledges, played important roles in the review, the principal driver behind it was
Ken, with his indefatigable pursuit of literature data and his 'nose' for the most reliable of
measurements. It is the product of these skills that pervade this book - the key processability
properties of important engineering alloys are subject to detailed scrutiny, and the most
reliable measured values presented in graphical and tabular form.
The result is an extensive and authoritative survey of the high temperature properties of a
wide range of real engineering materials. It will constitute a valuable source book for many
years to come for those developing and using computer models of metallurgical processes, as
well as for those interested in the study of materials properties in their own right.
Authority in the reviews for each alloy stands out from each page - but I leave that for you,
the reader, to judge and enjoy.
A W D Hills
DTI Specialist Technical Advisor for Processability
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank my colleagues, (members of the High Temperature Physical Property Group at the
National Physical Laboratory) for the excellent work used in this review: Peter Quested (Section
Leader), Richard Andon, Rob Brooks, Lindsay Chapman, Austin Day, Alan Dinsdale, David
Hayes, Amanda McCormick, Brian J Monaghan and Mike Richardson, and Helen Szelagowski
and Roy Taylor (UMIST) who participated in NPL's measurement programme. The data provided by
Jack Henderson of Netzsch, Prof. G. Pottlacher (TU Graz), Prof I Egry (DLR Cologne) and
Prof T Yamamura (Tohoku Univ., Sendai) are also gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to
thank those who helped in the production of this review: Barbara Miller and Ly n Nelhams (NPL)
for the typing, Michael Waters, Lindsay Chapman (NPL), Alaistair Fox (Imperial College) and my
wife Margaret and my daughter Anna, who all helped in the production of the drawings.
Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................. vii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. ix
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
2. Arrangement of the Report .............................................................................. 2
3. Sources of Data ................................................................................................. 3
4. Methods ............................................................................................................. 5
4.1 Experimental Methods .................................................................................................. 5
4.2 Estimation Methods ....................................................................................................... 11
5. Some Words of Caution ................................................................................... 13
5.1 Determining the Fusion Range ..................................................................................... 13
5.2 Heat Capacities in the Fusion/Solidification and Transition Ranges ........................... 13
5.3 Determining Thermal Diffusivities (Conductivities) in the (Solid + Liquid) and
Liquid Ranges ............................................................................................................... 14
5.4 Surface Tension Measurements ................................................................................... 15
5.5 Fraction Solid ................................................................................................................ 16
6. Property Values for the Mushy Region ........................................................... 17
7. Symbols, Abbreviations, Units ........................................................................ 18
Aluminium ............................................................................................................... 19
Al ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Al-LM4 (A319) ....................................................................................................................... 26
Al-LM5 (5182) ....................................................................................................................... 32
Al-LM13 (4032) ..................................................................................................................... 37
Al-LM25 ................................................................................................................................. 43
Al-1100F ................................................................................................................................ 50
Al-2024-T4 ............................................................................................................................ 54
Al-3004 .................................................................................................................................. 58
Al-6061-T6 ............................................................................................................................ 64
Al-7075-T6 ............................................................................................................................ 68

v
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vi Contents

Cobalt ...................................................................................................................... 73
Co .......................................................................................................................................... 73
Co-X-45 ................................................................................................................................. 80
Copper ..................................................................................................................... 89
Cu .......................................................................................................................................... 89
Cu-Al (Al Bronze) .................................................................................................................. 98
Iron .......................................................................................................................... 105
Fe .......................................................................................................................................... 105
Fe-C Ductile Iron ................................................................................................................... 113
Fe-C Grey Cast Iron ............................................................................................................. 119
Fe-304 Stainless Steel .......................................................................................................... 127
Fe-316 Stainless Steel .......................................................................................................... 135
Magnesium .............................................................................................................. 143
Mg ......................................................................................................................................... 143
Mg-Ag-Ce (QE22) ................................................................................................................. 148
Mg-Ce-Zn (EZ33) .................................................................................................................. 153
Nickel ....................................................................................................................... 159
Ni ........................................................................................................................................... 159
Ni-CMSX-4 ............................................................................................................................ 167
Ni-Hastelloy-X ....................................................................................................................... 175
Ni-IN 718 ............................................................................................................................... 181
Silicon ...................................................................................................................... 191
Si ........................................................................................................................................... 191
Titanium .................................................................................................................. 205
Ti ........................................................................................................................................... 205
Ti-6 Al-4 V (IMI 318) .............................................................................................................. 211
Zinc .......................................................................................................................... 219
Zn .......................................................................................................................................... 219
Zn-Al ...................................................................................................................................... 225
Appendix: Details of METALS Model to Calculate the Thermophysical
Properties of Alloys .......................................................................................... 233

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1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this work was to provide the best available data for commercial alloys to
facilitate the mathematical modelling of processes, such as casting, primary and secondary
refining, etc. This study was funded by the Department of Trade and Industry. Most of the
work contained in this critical review was carried out as part of the National Physical
Laboratory's (NPL) MTS Programme on Processability. However, where data are available in
the literature, these have been incorporated into the review.
Mathematical modelling has become an established tool to improve process control and
efficiency and product quality. There are several different types of models used which seek to
predict, the thermodynamics kinetics, heat transfer, fluid flow etc of various processes. Models
of heat and fluid flow have proved useful in predicting, defects in castings, the geometry of
weld pool profiles, microstructure etc. These models have been developed to the stage where
one of the prime requirements is for accurate reliable data for the thermophysical properties
involved in the heat and fluid flow in the process viz fraction solid, melting range, heat capacity,
enthalpy, thermal diffusivity and conductivity, emissivity, density, viscosity and surface
tension. A recent investigation has shown that predictions of the defects in castings can be
significantly improved by replacing data of unknown origin for relevant thermophysical
properties of alloys held in commercial software packages by reliable experimental values for
these properties. There are few data available in the literature for the above thermophysical
properties of commercial alloys, hence the need for a measurement programme and a
compendium of critically-assessed data to assist the mathematical modeller.
In practice, reliable thermophysical property data are needed for a much wider range of
commercial alloys than covered in this review. To facilitate this, two steps have been taken in
this work to allow the reader to assess the viability of using estimated thermophysical property
data:
(i) by using the relevant data for the parent metal of the alloy and
(ii) using METALS model (available from NPL) where properties are calculated from the
chemical composition and, in some cases, the liquidus temperature of the alloy.
Consequently, recommended values are provided for the parent metals and values estimated by
METALS model are compared with the experimental values to allow the reader to determine
whether estimated values would suffice for his (or her) application.
2 ARRANGEMENT OF THE REPORT
Alloys have been arranged in alphabetical order of the chemical formulae of the parent (or base)
metal eg steels can be found under Fe superalloys under Ni.
9
Within any one family of alloys (eg steels) they are arranged in the following order:
parent metal
alphabetical order of the letters used in alloy designation (eg ESf 718)
numerical designations given (e.g. 3004), with lowest numbers first, e.g. LM4
comes before LM5 or Al-11 OOF before Al-3004.
The figures, and equations run sequentially as they appear in the text of the data sheet (starting
with 1) for each alloy. A list of symbols and abbreviations is given immediately prior to the
section giving the assessed data. SI units are used throughout and temperatures are given in
°Celsius.
References and Tables are given at the end of chapter or the data review for each alloy.