Recommendations regarding Derogations to use alpha-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion

99 Pages·2010·1.62 MB·English

Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors

Recommendations regarding Derogations to use alpha-
Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion, Fipronil and
Sulfluramid in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil

Richard Isenring, Lars Neumeister

September 2009, amended in March 2010

Contents
1. Scope
2. Recommendations
I. Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants
1.1 Demonstrated Need for Insecticide Use
1.2 Risk Mitigation for Insecticide Use
1.3 Alternatives for Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants
1.4 Stakeholder Opinions on Insecticide Use
1.5 Conclusions
II. Coleopteran Defoliating Insects (Costalimaita ferruginea)
III. Lepidopteran Defoliating Insects (Thyrinteina arnobia)
IV. Termites (Preventive Treatment)
Annex I Studies on Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants
Annex II Research and Bibliography on Leaf-Cutting Ants
Annex III Toxicologic and Environmental Properties of Active Ingredients

Technical Advisors to the FSC Pesticides Committee

Lars Neumeister (Dipl. Ing. Land Usage & Nature Protection)
Fürstenwerder, Germany. Email:
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
1. Scope

FSC certificate holders have applied for a derogation to use „highly hazardous‟ insecticides in forest
plantations in Brazil, including deltamethrin, fenitrothion, fipronil and sulfluramid for control of leaf-
cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex species); deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin for controlling the
yellow beetle (Costalimaita ferruginea) and other defoliating insects; deltamethrin for control of the
eucalyptus brown looper (Thyrinteina arnobia); and fipronil for control of termites (Cornitermes and
Syntermes species). The following approved certifiers submitted the derogation applications: SCS
Scientific Certification Systems, SGS System & Service Certification, and SmartWood – Imaflora.
Table 1 lists the applicants and requested active ingredients.

Table 1. Derogation Applications for ‘highly hazardous’ Insecticides in FSC Certified Forests, Brazil

FSC Certificate Holder Certificate Number Active Ingredient (formulation)
*
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
A.W. Faber-Castell S.A. SCS-FM/COC-00081P
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Adami S/A. Madeiras, South Brazil SW-FM/COC – 002665 Fipronil (granular baits)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Agro-Florestal Motrisa Ltda., South Brazil SW-FM/COC-1808 Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Fenitrothion (liquid)
Amapá Florestal e Celulose Ltda – Amcel SCS-FM/COC-000114P
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Amata S/A. – Unidade Castanhal, Pará Candidate FMO (SW) Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
Candidate FMO
Aracruz Celulose S/A Fipronil (dispersible granules)
(undefined CB)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Arauco Florestal Arapoti S.A Candidate FMO (SW) Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Arauco Forest Brasil S/A., South Brazil SW-FM/COC-1059 Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
ARAUPEL S/A (com COC serraria) SW-FM/COC-180 Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust )
ArcelorMittal Energética Jequitinhonha
SGS-FM/COC-004161 Deltamethrin (liquid )
Ltda (formerly Acesita Energética Ltda. )
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust )
ArcelorMittal Florestas Ltda. Deltamethrin (liquid)
SGS-FM/COC-1943
(formerly CAF Santa Bárbara Ltda. ) Fenitrothion (liquid)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Battistella Florestal , Unidade Lages, S. BR Candidate FMO (SW) Sulfluramid ( granular baits)

*
Application withdrawn in 2009
March 2010 2
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
Battistella Florestal, Unidade Rio Negrinho, Fipronil (granular baits)
SW-FM/COC-1070
South Brazil (formerly Mobasa, South BR) Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Caceres Florestal S.A. SCS-FM/COC-091P Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
CAXUANA Reflorestamento S/A (com Fenitrothion (liquid)
SW-FM/COC-215
COC serraria) Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Celulose Irani S/A., South Brazil Candidate FMO (SW) Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
Cenibra – Celulose Nipo-Brasileira S.A. SGS-FM/COC-2167 Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Conpacel – Consórcio Paulista de Papel e Deltamethrin ( liquid)
Celulose (formerly Ripasa S.A. Celulose e SCS-FM/COC-00076P Fenitrothion (liquid)
Papel) Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin ( liquid)
Duratex S.A. SCS-FM/COC-00029P
Fenitrothion (liquid)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (liquid )
Eucatex S.A. Ind. E Com. SCS-FM/COC-00040P
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Florestal Vale do Corisco, Ltda. SCS-FM/COC-00038P
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust )
Floresteca Agro Florestal Ltda. SGS-FM/COC-0079 Deltamethrin ( liquid)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Flosul Indústria e Comercio de Madeiras
SW-FM/COC-087 Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Ltda., South Brazil
Grim – Grupo de Reflorestadores do Imbaú,
SW-FM/COC-1820 Sulflurarnid (granular baits)
South Brazil
Deltamethrin (liquid)
Jari Celulose S.A. SCS-FM/COC-00077P Fenitrothion
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Candidate FMO Deltamethrin (liquid )
José Ailton Thomaz , Bahia (south)
(undefined CB) Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Juliana Florestal Ltda., South Brazil SW-FM/COC-130 Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Candidate FMO
Jurandir de Souza Boa Morte, Bahia (south) Deltamethrin (liquid)
(undefined CB)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
March 2010 3
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
KLABIN S/A - ANGATUBA Candidate FMO (SW) Fenitrothion (liquid)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
SW-FM/COC-NTFP
KLABIN S/A - PARANÁ (com PFNM) Fenitrothion
038
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
KLABIN S/A - SANTA CATARINA (com
SW-FM/COC-1301 Fenitrothion (liquid)
COC serraria)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust )
Deltamethrin (liquid )
Lwarcel Celulose e Papel Ltda. SCS-FM/COC-0093P
Fenitrothion (liquid)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Fipronil (granular baits)
Madecal Agro-Industrial Ltda , South Brazil SW-FM/COC-000205
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Madepar Indústria e Comércio de Madeiras Fipronil (granular baits)
SCS-FM/COC-00048P
Ltda., South Brazil Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
MASISA do Brasil Ltda. SW-FM/COC-1531 Deltamethrin (liquid)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Norske Skog Florestal Ltda. Candidate FMO (SCS)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Ouro Verde Agrosilvopastoril Ltda. Candidate FMO (CB?) Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
Plantar S.A. SCS-FM/COC-00057P Fenitrothion (liquid)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Reflorestadora Sincol Ltda., South Brazil SW-FM/COC-001135 Fipronil (granular baits)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Fipronil (granular baits)
Renova Floresta Ltda., South Brazil SW-FM/COC-1777
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid)
SATIPEL Florestal SW-FM/COC-1409
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Fipronil (granular baits)
Seiva S/A, South Brazil SW-FM/COC-003580
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
March 2010 4
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
Seta S/A - Sociedade Extrativa de Tanino
SW-FM/COC-1274 Sulfluramid (granular baits)
de Acácia, South Brazil
Deltamethrin (dust)
Sguario Florestal S.A. SGS-FM/COC-2745 Fenitrothion (liquid)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Fipronil (granular baits)
Souza Cruz- S/A, South Brazil SCS-FM/COC-00116P
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust)
SUZANO Papel e Celulose S/A - Unidade
SW-FM/COC-1377 Deltamethrin (liquid)
Mucuri
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (dust)
SUZANO Papel e Celulose S/A - Unidade
SW-FM/COC-2093 Deltamethrin (liquid)
Suzano
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (liquid )
Tanagro S.A. SGS-FM/COC-1664
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Timbó Empreendimentos Florestais Ltda . SCS-FM/00065P Sulfluramid (granular baits)
Deltamethrin (dust)
Deltamethrin (liquid )
Vanda Almeida Mattos , Bahia (south) Candidate FMO (SW)
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)
alpha-Cypermethrin (liquid)
Deltamethrin (liquid )
Votorantim Celulose e Papel, Ltda . (VCP) SCS-FM/COC-00085P
Fipronil (dispersible granules)
Sulfluramid (granular baits)

Certifier Contact Forest management reports
SGS do Brasil Ltda – Qualifor Program
Ms P. Azambuja http://www.forestry.sgs.com/fore
São Paulo, Brazil
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
Table 2. Insecticides rated as ‘highly hazardous’ under FSC indicators (thresholds)

Acute toxicity Aquatic toxicity Octanol-water parti- Persistence
Active ingredient Indicator
(LD50) (LC50) tion coefficient (Kow) (half life)
Cypermethrin x x
alpha-Cypermethrin x x x x
Deltamethrin x x x
Fenitrothion x
Fipronil x x
Sulfluramid x *

*
Sulfluramid and its metabolites are highly persistent but data on their degradation (half -life) in soil is lacking.

2. Recommendations

A. The technical advisors recommend the FSC Pesticides Com mittee to approve a derogation to use the
following insecticides for control of leaf-cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex species) in nurseries
and forest plantations in Brazil: deltamethrin (dust formulation K-Othrine), fenitrothion, fipronil,
and sulfluramid, provided that during the derogation period the certificate holder s:

1. identify which species of leaf-cutting ant causes most damage, estimate level of damage, define
a critical nest density (maximum acceptable density for achieving silvicultural objectives),
2
monitor distribution of ant nests, and locate infested areas with a critical density of nests;

2. reduce the amount of deltamethrin, fenitrothion, fipronil, and sulfluramid used to the minimum
needed for effective control, limit use to highly infested areas (where estimated nest density
exceeds critical density) or nurseries or young plantations during establishment (in the first 1-3
years), and complement these with alternatives, e.g. spinosad, borax, rotenone, pathogenic fungi
combined with diatomatomaceous earth and extracts of Manihot esculenta, Ateleia glazioviana /
®
Citromax , etc;

2
Zanetti R. (UFLA). Programa de manejo de formigas cortadeiras e de cupins em Eucaliptais. Ministério da
Ciência e Tecnologia. http://sigcti.mct.gov.br/fundos/rel/ctl/ctl.php?act=nav.prj_vis&idp=9219
Zanetti R., Zanuncio J.C. Monitoramento de formigas cortadeiras em florestas cultivadas no Brasil. Plagas
Forestales Neotropicales 17, 2005. http://web.catie.ac.cr/informacion/RMIP/rev75/BoletinPlagasForestales.pdf
Zanetti (2006): http://www.den.ufla.br/Professores/Ronald/Disciplinas/Notas%20Aula/MIPFlorestas%20formigas.pdf
Pinto R. Amostragem e distribuição espacial de colônias de formigas cortadeiras (...) em Eucaliptais. UFV
2006. http://www.controbiol.ufv.br/Teses/Rosenilson_doutorado.pdf
Cantarelli E.B. Silvicultura de precisão no monitoramento e controle de formigas cortadeiras em plantios de
Pinus. UFSM 2005. http://cascavel.cpd.ufsm.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=756
March 2010 6
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
3. reduce risks to non-target animals (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) to an acceptable
level by identifying season and time of day when ants are most active and applying baits to nests
during that season and time to ensure maximum collection of baits by ants (and minimum
remnant baits), limit the application of insecticide baits to the ant nest (entrances or trails on
surface of nest);

4. set a reduction target for sulfluramid use (for example, −20% reduction in amount of sulfluramid
active ingredient (kg) per year), and apply sulfluramid baits in dispensers (porta-iscas) or sachets
(mipis) unless a specific need for open application of baits is shown in audit reports (e.g. based
on costs-benefit analysis) and evidence is provided that measures for risk mitigation are effective
(e.g. by analyzing the environment and non-target animals for residues of sulfluramid and
3
metabolites);

5. conduct or participate in field tests on ant control with pathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana,
Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces species or Trichoderma viride) combined with Bacillus
4
thuringiensis, diatomaceous earth, plant extracts, or an antifungal agent (which inhibits
symbiotic fungi) such as Trichoderma harzianum or Escovopsis weberi; explore the possibility of
using spinosad or borax for ant control (e.g. based on a temporary special registration); and
collaborate with research institutions in tests on improving bait attractiveness with plant extracts
(of Hovenia dulcis or Aleurites fordii), attractant pheromones or the alarm pheromone beta-
5
eudesmol;

6. during the derogation period, keep records on number of ant nests treated annually, estimated
(approximate) number of ant nests per hectare in treated areas, total annual use of deltamethrin,
fenitrothion, fipronil and sulfluramid (kg of bait applied per ha and percent content of
insecticide), age of trees in treated areas, result of control operations (estimated nest density and
percentage of damaged trees – before and after control) and include this information in forest
management reports;

7. take the greatest care that handling and application of deltamethrin, fenitrothion, fipronil and
sulfluramid does not endanger human health and natural enemies (mammals, birds, or predatory
insects such as spiders), implement measures to reduce risk to acceptable levels, and strictly
follow all legal requirements in Brazil for the use of pesticides, in particular the controls for
occupational and environmental safety required by the national and regional authorities and
specific guidelines.

3
Ukan D. Avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa de micro-porta-iscas para o controle de formigas cortadeiras (…).
UFPR 2008. http://www.floresta.ufpr.br/pos-graduacao/defesas/pdf_ms/2008/d497_0701-M.pdf
4
E.g. extract of Ateleia glazioviana, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema brasilianum, Citrus sinensis, Helietta
puberula, Hymenaea courbaril, Ipomea batata, Manihot esculenta, Myroxylon peruiferum, Pilocarpus grandi-
florus, Piper cenocladum, Raulinoa echinata, Ricinus communis, Sesamum indicum, or Trichillia glauca.
5
Formigas cortadeiras, UFPEL. http://dgp.cnpq.br/buscaoperacional/detalhegrupo.jsp?grupo=0045501JCB22SZ
Produtos Naturais, UFSCAR. http://dgp.cnpq.br/buscaoperacional/detalhegrupo.jsp?grupo=0335106CJGECN1
Laboratório de formigas cortadeiras, UNESP. http://www.rc.unesp.br/ib/ceis/formigascortadeiras.php
Formigas cortadeiras, UNESP. http://dgp.cnpq.br/buscaoperacional/detalhegrupo.jsp?grupo=03305016DNZ8FP
March 2010 7
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
B. The technical advisors recommend the FSC Pesticides Committee to reject the application for a
derogation for alpha-cypermethrin to control yellow beetles (Costalimaita ferruginea) or other
lepidopteran or coleopteran defoliating insects forest plantations in Brazil, as the evidence provided
of a need for alpha-cypermethrin did not demonstrate that this is the only feasible way of controlling
the targeted pest insects and that these species are causing severe damage (e.g. based on field tests
with alternative non-chemical or less toxic methods of pest management, cost-benefit analysis,
social and environmental impact assessment, as required by FSC (2007) Procedure: Processing
pesticide derogation applications), and also as more selective alternatives are available.

C. The technical advisors recommend the certificate holders who applied for a derogation for alpha-
cypermethrin to:

1. monitor distribution of Costalimaita ferruginea or other coleopteran defoliators, locate infested
areas with a high density of Costalimaita or other defoliators, identify the type of defoliating
insect (genus and, if possible, species), estimate damage level, and define a critical density of
Costalimaita or of other defoliators (maximum acceptable density for achieving silvicultural
objectives);

3. retain old tree stumps and plant seedlings between stumps to provide „trap stumps‟ (with sprouts
distracting Costalimaita from seedlings), assess the potential of inter-planting trap plants to
distract beetles (preferred plants or robust eucalyptus species), promote natural enemies (e.g.
parasitic wasps Trichogramma, Anaphes nitens) by preserving fragments of native vegetation
in/around Eucalyptus plantations or reducing weed control to the minimum (retaining weeds
partially between tree rows), limit control of Costalimaita and of other coleopteran defoliators to
the most highly infested areas (where estimated density of Costalimaita or defoliators exceeds
critical density) and areas with susceptible tree species, and if necessary use a low-toxicity
insecticide (spinosad or azadirachtin);

3. conduct field tests on control of coleopteran defoliators with Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t. subsp.
tenebrionis or B.t. subsp. kurstaki), pathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma
species, Beauveria bassiana combined with B.t., etc), viruses (granuloviruses or nucleopoly-
hedroviruses (NPVs) specific to coleopteran insects), use of natural enemies (predatory or
parasitic insects) and explore the possibility of using spinosad or azadirachtin (neem extract) for
control of Costalimaita or other coleopteran defoliators (e.g. in tests based on temporary special
registration RET);

D. The technical advisors recommend the FSC Pesticides Committee to reject the application for a
derogation for deltamethrin (liquid formulation Decis 25 CE) to control Eucalyptus brown looper
(Thyrinteina arnobia) or other lepidopteran or coleopteran insects in forest plantations in Brazil, as
evidence provided of a need for deltamethrin did not demonstrate that this is the only feasible way
of controlling the targeted pest insects and that these species are causing severe damage (e.g. based
on tests with alternative non-chemical or less toxic methods of pest management, cost-benefit
analysis, social and environmental impact assessment, as required by FSC (2007) Procedure:
Processing pesticide derogation applications), and also as more selective alternatives are available.
March 2010 8
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
E. The technical advisors recommend the certificate holders who applied for a derogation for deltame-
®
thrin (liquid formulation Decis 25 CE) to:

1. monitor the distribution of Thyrinteina arnobia or other defoliating insects, locate infested areas
with a high density of Thyrinteina or defoliators, identify the type of defoliating insect (genus
and, if possible, species), estimate level of damage, and define a critical density of Thyrinteina or
6
other defoliating insects (maximum acceptable density for achieving silvicultural objectives);

2. promote the establishment of natural enemies (such as Trichogramma wasps and parasitic wasp
Anaphes nitens) by preserving fragments of native vegetation surrounding Eucalyptus
plantations, limit control of Thyrinteina and defoliators to highly infested areas (where estimated
density of Thyrinteina or of defoliators exceeds the critical density) and areas with susceptible
tree species, and if necessary use Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t. subspecies kurstaki or B.t.
subspecies aizawai) or B. t. combined with a selective, low-toxicity insecticide (such as spinosad,
7
azadirachtin, or neem);

4. conduct field tests on alternatives, in particular Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t. subspecies kurstaki,
B.t. subsp. aizawai), pathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae,
Trichoderma species, or combinations with B.t.), viruses (granulovirus or nucleopolyhedrovirus
(NPV) specific to lepidopteran insects), mass-rearing and release or preservation of natural
enemies (predatory insects such as Podisus nigrispinus or Supputius cincticeps), and explore the
possibility of using spinosad or azadirachtin for control of Thyrinteina (e.g. in tests based on a
temporary special registration);

F. The technical advisors recommend the FSC Pesticides Committee to approve a derogation to use
®
fipronil (dispersible granules Tuit Florestal) for treating the roots of seedlings preventively against
termites (Cornitermes bequaerti and Syntermes molestus) prior to planting in forest plantations in
Brazil, provided that during the derogation period the certificate holders:

1. identify which termite species is present locally, monitor damage level and presence of termites
8
in nurseries or young forests, and locate areas where C. bequaerti or S. molestus are prevalent;

2. reduce the amount of fipronil used to the necessary minimum, limit seedling treatment to areas
where C. bequaerti or S. molestus is present and to areas with seedlings of susceptible tree
species, and consider reduced tillage or no-till (e.g. combined with a cover crop such as Mucuna
bracteata);

3. if termite colonies are targeted directly (e.g. termites attacking buildings), use biological agents,
in particular pathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (e.g. M. anisopliae strain ESF1 or M.

6
Pereira L.G.P. A Lagarta-Parda, Thyrinteina arnobia, principal lepidóptero desfolhador da cultura do
Eucalipto. CETEC 2007. http://sbrtv1.ibict.br/upload/dossies/sbrt-dossie219.pdf
7
Branco EF. Aspectos econômicos do controle de Thyrinteina arnobia (...) com Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)
em povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp. Lab. de Proteção Forestal 1995. http://floresta.ufpr.br/~lpf/outras02.html
8
Dos Santos A. Plano de amostragem e nível de dano econômico de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera) em plantios
de eucalipto. Doutorado em andamento, UFLA. http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4704676U6
March 2010 9
Insecticides for Control of Pest Insects in FSC Certified Forests in Brazil – Recommendations by Technical Advisors
anisopliae var. acridum), Beauveria bassiana combined with Bacillus thuringiensis (e.g. B.t.
subsp. sooncheon or B.t. subspecies roskildiensis), Trichoderma species, combinations of
glucono delta-lactone and pathogenic fungi (e.g. glucono delta-lactone combined with Beauveria
bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis), parasitic nematodes (Steinernema or Heterorhabditis
9
species), and consider using borax or spinosad if biological agents are not sufficiently effective;

4. during the derogation period, keep records on total annual use of fipronil (kg of active ingredient
used) for preventive treatment of seedlings, and include this information in audit reports;

5. take the greatest care that handling and application of fipronil does not endanger human health
and natural enemies (mammals, birds, or predatory/parasitic insects), implement measures to
reduce risk to acceptable levels, and strictly follow all legal requirements in Brazil for the use of
pesticides, in particular the controls for occupational and environmental safety required by the
national and regional authorities and specific guidelines.

Further, the technical advisors recommend the certificate holders to:

G. collaborate in tests – with experts and PhD students at research institutions, commercial enterprises,
government agencies and/or other forest companies – on alternatives to substitute deltamethrin,
fenitrothion, fipronil and sulfluramid, and gradually reduce use of insecticides through integrated
pest management: monitoring pest insect/s and damage level, defining a critical density of pest
insect, using insecticides only in highly infested areas where the critical density is exceeded or if
damage levels are unacceptably high, applying insecticides at minimum effective rates (kg/ha or
2 10
g/m ), and complementing these with biological control and preventive silvicultural practices;

H. establish a common framework (general procedure) for integrated management of leaf-cutting ants;

I. in the medium to long term, develop preventive silvicultural practices that reduce occurrence of pest
insects and damage to trees, by planting more robust tree species (e.g. mixed forests, native species)
that are well-adapted to local conditions and have a low susceptibility to pest insects, reducing weed
control (leaving part of herbaceous vegetation on the ground), growing cover crops (such as Mucuna
bracteata), limiting area of clear-felling, protecting natural enemies (insects) and rare species (birds,
mammals, reptiles, amphibians) in zones with natural forest on part of managed area (appropriate in
11
size to scale and intensity of forest management operations);

J. consult with directly or potentially affected parties where insecticide baits are used and, especially
near nature reserves (parks) or sensitive areas (wildlife habitats, surface waters), consult with local
or regional authorities for environmental protection and scientific experts on wild life conservation.

9
Laboratório de cupins, UNESP. http://www.rc.unesp.br/ib/ceis/cupins.php
10
Chemicals that are currently not authorized in Brasil can be registered on a temporary basis for research:
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Registro Especial
Temporário. http://www.ibama.gov.br/qualidade-ambiental/areas-tematicas/agrotoxicos/registro-especial-temporario-ret/
11
Principios y Criterios del FSC para el Manejo Forestal – Versión completa de la Versión 5-0 Borrador 2-0 de
los PyC del FSC (Principios 6.2 - 6.6, pp. 55-59; Criterio 10.5 original, p. 84), 2009 (This working document
is no longer online; see website on the review of FSC Principles and Criteria: http://www.fsc.org/pcreview.html)
March 2010 10