Recognizing Race and Ethnicity: Power, Privilege, and Inequality PDF
Preview Recognizing Race and Ethnicity: Power, Privilege, and Inequality
Recognizing Race and Ethnicity SECOND EDITION Recognizing Race and Ethnicity Power, Privilege, and Inequality Kathleen J. Fitzgerald Tulane University New Orleans First published 2017 by Westview Press Published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2017 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. 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A CIP catalog record for the print version of this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-5056-1 (pbk) Designed by Linda Mark Brief Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Thinking About Race 1 Taking Account of Race and Privilege 2 White Privilege: The Other Side of Racism 3 Science and the Sociology of Race Part 2: A Sociological History of US Race Relations 4 Emergence of the US Racial Hierarchy 5 Race Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries 6 Race Relations in Flux: From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter Part 3: Institutional Inequalities 7 Education 8 Economic Inequality and the Role of the State 9 Crime and Criminal Justice 10 Race in the Cultural Imagination Part 4: Contemporary Issues in Race/Ethnicity 11 Arenas of Racial Integration: Interracial Relationships, Multiracial Families, Biracial/Multiracial Identities, Sports, and the Military 12 A Postracial Society? Glossary References Index Expanded Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Thinking About Race 1 Taking Account of Race and Privilege Chapter Learning Outcomes The Significance of Race Box 1.1 Race in the Workplace: Diversity Training in Higher Education Resisting Race Understanding Race as a Social Construction Box 1.2 Racial Justice Activism: Eracism Box 1.3 Global Perspectives: The Social Construction of Race in Latin America Demographic Shifts in the United States Racial Identities, Racial Ideologies, and Institutional Racism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 2 White Privilege: The Other Side of Racism Chapter Learning Outcomes The Social Construction of Whiteness Box 2.1 Global Perspectives: Constructing Whiteness in Brazil White Privilege Box 2.2 Race in the Workplace: White Teachers Making Meaning of Whiteness Ideologies, Identities, and Institutions Box 2.3 Racial Justice Activism: Tim Wise on White Identity and Becoming a Racial Justice Activist Challenging White Privilege Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 3 Science and the Sociology of Race Chapter Learning Outcomes Scientific Racism The Sociology of Race Box 3.1 Racial Justice Activism: The Activism of W. E. B. Du Bois Current Research into the Sociology of Race Box 3.2 Race in the Workplace: Sociologist Joe R. Feagin’s Research on Race, Racism, and Privilege Box 3.3 Global Perspectives: Global Critical Race Feminism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia Part 2: A Sociological History of US Race Relations 4 Emergence of the US Racial Hierarchy Chapter Learning Outcomes The Emergence of Race Sociological Perspectives on Racial/Ethnic Inequality European Contact with Native Americans Slavery in the United States Box 4.1 Race in the Workplace: White Slavery Box 4.2 Racial Justice Activism: The Abolitionist Movement The Unique Exploitation of Mexican Americans by Whites Gender, Sexuality, and Race Resistance Box 4.3 Global Perspectives: The Haitian Revolution Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 5 Race Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Intergroup Relations From Reconstruction to Jim Crow Box 5.1 Racial Justice Activism: Ida B. Wells and the Antilynching Movement Nativism and the Era of Exclusion Box 5.2 Race in the Workplace: Sleeping Car Porters: Racial Subordination and Opportunity Chapter Summary Box 5.3 Global Perspectives: White Australia Policies Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 6 Race Relations in Flux: From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Social Movements The Civil Rights Movement Box 6.1 Racial Justice Activism: Bob Zellner Box 6.2 Global Perspectives: Gandhi, Nonviolent Protest, and the End of British Rule in India Box 6.3 Race in the Workplace: Community Action Programs: Race, Place, and Activism Native American Activism Mexican American and Chicano Activism Asian American Activism Late 20th- and Early 21st-Century Activism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia Part 3: Institutional Inequalities 7 Education Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Race and Education Box 7.1 Race in the Workplace: Investigating Whiteness in Teacher Education A History of Race and Public Education in the United States Box 7.2 Global Perspectives: Aboriginal Education in Australia Contemporary Issues of Racial Inequality in Education Box 7.3 Racial Justice Activism: Teaching Tolerance Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 8 Economic Inequality and the Role of the State Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Economic Inequalities Box 8.1 Race in the Workplace: The Workplace Project Benefits Latinos Race and Social Policy Box 8.2 Racial Justice Activism: Operation HOPE: From Civil Rights to Silver Rights Box 8.3 Global Perspectives: Whiteness in International Development Programs Residential Segregation Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 9 Crime and Criminal Justice Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Crime Racial Inequality in the Criminal Justice System Box 9.1 Race in the Workplace: Diversity Training in Police Departments Box 9.2 Racial Justice Activism: The Equal Justice Initiative The Era of Mass Imprisonment Linking Race and Crime in the Public Consciousness Box 9.3 Global Perspectives: Postapartheid Police Accountability in South Africa Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 10 Race in the Cultural Imagination Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Race and Popular Culture Racial Imagery in Film and Television Box 10.1 Global Perspectives: The Effect of Television and the Dismantling of Apartheid Box 10.2 Race in the Workplace: 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Racial Imagery in New Media Subordinate Group Resistance Box 10.3 Racial Justice Activism: Rock Against Racism Race and Public History Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia Part 4: Contemporary Issues in Race/Ethnicity 11 Arenas of Racial Integration: Interracial Relationships, Multiracial Families, Biracial/Multiracial Identities, Sports, and the Military Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on Racial Integration Interracial Intimacies: Relationships, Families, and Identities Sports and Race Box 11.1 Global Perspectives: International Sports Boycotts of South Africa Box 11.2 Racial Justice Activism: Athletes Against Racism Racial Integration and the Military Box 11.3 Race in the Workplace: Addressing Race the Army Way: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI) Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia 12 A Postracial Society? Chapter Learning Outcomes Sociological Perspectives on the Future of Race Race, Racial Inequality, and Whiteness in the Political Sphere Immigrants and the Racialization of Anti-Immigration Sentiment Box 12.1 Global Perspectives: Immigration Challenges in Europe: A Failure of Multiculturalism? Box 12.2 Racial Justice Activism: Campaign to Eliminate “the I Word” Hate Crimes and Hate Groups Box 12.3 Race in the Workplace: Fighting Hate—The Work of the Southern Poverty Law Center and Race Forward Reparations Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts, Personal Reflections, Critical Thinking Questions, Essential Reading, Recommended Films, Recommended Multimedia Glossary References Index Preface WHEN THE FIRST African American president, Barack Obama, was elected in 2008, many political pundits erroneously declared the United States to be “postracial.” As President Obama is finishing his second and final presidential term, race remains a central cleavage in American society, and the racial divide may be starker than ever. Perhaps the most glaring evidence of this are police shootings of unarmed black men. When I completed the first edition of Recognizing Race and Ethnicity in the summer of 2013, George Zimmerman had just been acquitted in the shooting death of unarmed African American teenager Trayvon Martin. Martin’s killing and Zimmerman’s acquittal inspired the emergence of an online campaign, #BlackLivesMatter, which became a traditional campaign the next summer after the killing of seventeen-year-old African American Michael Brown by white police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. Months of protests followed that shooting. The three years since have witnessed dozens more killings of unarmed African American men by police, over a hundred in 2015 alone, many caught on cell phone video and widely shared on social media. The most recent, as of this writing, are Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Philando Castile in Minnesota. This new edition necessarily focuses attention not only on the extrajudicial shootings of black men by police officers but also on the mobilization and activism of the Black Lives Matter movement, which seeks to draw sustained attention to these killings and hold police accountable for their actions. In addition to the widely covered shootings and protests, the Republican presidential nominee for 2016, Donald Trump, is using race/ethnicity explicitly for political leverage, specifically using the age-old tactic of xenophobia to successfully generate votes. He referred to Mexican immigrants as “rapists” and “criminals,” made anti-Semitic and antiblack comments, and campaigned on building a giant wall along the US-Mexico border, deporting the estimated eleven million undocumented immigrants already in the country, and banning the immigration of Muslims. Ku Klux Klan member David Duke thanked Trump for creating a climate that was welcoming to views like his when he announced his intention to run for a Louisiana Senate seat in July 2016. This new edition thus covers the racialized political rhetoric that exploded in the summer of 2015 and continues unabated. The second edition of Recognizing Race and Ethnicity also significantly expands the global race/ethnicity discussions. In addition to the “Global Perspectives” boxes found in each chapter, this text explores France’s official policy of color-blindness; global white supremacy, specifically with an exploration of eugenics policies in Brazil; decolonization movements in the 1960s; police violence in Brazil; a global focus on the war on drugs; Dutch slave history; the globalization of hate groups; and the current racialization of immigrants and the expansion of anti-immigrant sentiment, particularly pertaining to Syrian immigration to the US. Expanded attention to intersectionality is also a key feature of this new edition, including a look at new research on black women’s mobilization against sexual violence, which was the foundation of civil rights movement mobilizing throughout the South; new research on interracial same-sex intimacies; an expanded discussion of gender and incarceration; and a discussion of the violent victimization of LGBTQ people, with LGBTQ people of color disproportionately targeted. Additionally, the text has been thoroughly updated with the most current statistics, the latest sociological research on race/ethnicity, and an expanded discussion of C. Wright Mills’s sociological imagination and the usefulness of this perspective for studying race/ethnicity. The second edition of Recognizing Race and Ethnicity maintains its seminal focus on white privilege, critically examining how whites historically and currently benefit from the existing racial order, and the social construction of race/ethnicity. The new edition retains the expanded theoretical discussion that includes an exploration of critical race theory, the white racial frame, color-blind racism, the diversity ideology, and intersectionality, moving beyond the more traditional functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on race/ethnicity. Race is presented through a sociohistorical lens to facilitate students’ understanding of the social construction of race. This text shifts the discussion of social policies from a narrow focus on a few social policies that are perceived as race-related, such as affirmative action, to an understanding of the historical racialization of the US welfare state overall. Topics of interest to students, including biracial/multiracial identities, multiracial families, and the intersections of race and sports and race and popular culture continue to make this text particularly relevant to their lives and provide opportunities for thought- provoking class discussions. Finally, each chapter contains boxed inserts that focus on racial justice activists and organizations, helping students to understand the ongoing mobilization and activism to end racial inequality. Kathleen J. Fitzgerald July 28, 2016 Acknowledgments for the Second Edition I WOULD LIKE TO first thank my students. Over the many years of my career, from Columbia College to Tulane University, you have been an amazing and ongoing source of inspiration, especially when it comes to the topic of race/ethnicity. Thank you for your questions, candor, and good humor, for keeping me on my toes and for allowing me to keep it real in the classroom. I would also like to acknowledge the amazing work being done by scholars in the sociology of race/ethnicity across the country. One of the privileges of being asked to do a second edition of a textbook is having the opportunity to survey the latest scientific findings in the field. I was able to include a lot of the best work here, and I wish there was room for more. The work being done in our field gives me cause to be hopeful about our country and race relations at this otherwise unhopeful time, not because the research is providing us with overwhelming evidence of racial progress (it isn’t) but because we are asking the right questions. Thanks go out to Westview Press as well. The team at Westview has been wonderfully enthusiastic about this project from the beginning, and for that I am truly appreciative. I hope you will agree, they put out a good-looking book! Finally, my eternal thanks go to my wonderful husband, partner, and fellow sociologist, Tony Ladd. I couldn’t ask for a better person to bounce ideas off of and to take the world in with. In addition to being my constant sounding board, he was always passing new research on to me that pertained to this topic, always with the phrase, “This has to go in your book!” Not only is this a better book because of him, but I am a better person! REVIEWERS We would like to thank the following peer reviewers for their time and comments toward making this a better book: First Edition Hazel Arthur, Lipscomb University Keith Mann, Cardinal Stritch University Vivian L. Carter, Tuskegee University David G. Embrick, Loyola University Chicago G. Reginald Daniel, University of California, Santa Barbara Second Edition Taylor Cedric, Central Michigan University Karyn McKinney, Penn State Altoona Kyle Anne Nelson, University of Northern Colorado Bobby Potters, University of Indianapolis Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, PhD Tulane University July 2016
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