Recirculating Aquaculture

489 Pages·2007·39.14 MB·English

AiJuaculture
CENTER
· ·
Recirculating
Aq uaculrteu2 ndE dition
By
M!CHAELB .T IMMOANNSD
JAMESM EBELING
Ventn� 2010
CayugaA qua
401-2010
NRAC PublicatNioo.n
Copyrig©h 2t00 b y
CAY UGAA QUAI
Recirculating 126Su nseDtr iVvEeN TURES
IthacNaY, 14850
2nEdd ition
Aqu acultrue
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MICHAELB .T IMMONS
CorneUlnli versity
BiologiacnadlE nvironmenEtnagli neerDienpga rtment
302R ifey-RoHbabl l, ltNhYa c1a4,8 53
[email protected]
JAMES EBELING
M.
AquacultSuyrset emTse chnologLiLeCs ,
108I ndustrAivael.
New OrleanLsA, 7 0121
[email protected]
ISBN9 78-0-9712646-2-5
CayugAaq uaV enture2s0,1 0
Allr ighrtess ervNeod .pa rotf t hipsu blicatmiaoybn e r eproducsetdo,r ed
ina retriesvyaslt eomr transmititnea dn yf ormo rb y anym eans,
electromneicch,a nicpahlo,t ocopyirnegc,o rdionrgo therwiwsiet,h out
thep riowrr ittpeenr missioofnt hep ublisher, CAaqyuuagV aen tures,
126Su nseDtr iveI,t haca, 14850.
NY
No responsibiisla istsyu mebdy theP ublishfeorra nyi njurayn d/or
damage persons property as a matteorf productlsi ability,
negligtoe nocro et henvoirs oer,f roma nyu seo ro peratioofan n ym ethods,
producitnss,t ructoirio dnesa s contianti hqeem da terihaelr ein.
Printiendt heU niteSdt ates
NRAC PublicaNtoi.o4 n0 1-2010 NRAC PublicaNtoi.o4 n0 1-2010
DEDICATION
We woulldi kteoe o-deditchaintsee wt ext
toD r.W heat(oFnr eadn)dD r.W .D.Y oungs. Our second
Frewda sJ ameEsb elinmga'jsop rr ofesfsoorr dedicatgiooenst oD r.
hisP hDa tU niverosfiM tayr ylandf.a ct, WilliaDm. Youngs,
manyo fu si nt he indhuasdFt rreyInad s o ur ProfessoErm eritus,
majoard visForrcw.da sw aya heaodfh itsi me DepartmoefnN ta tural
1n 1977a nd wrwohtaebt e camken owans t he ResourcesC,o mell
AquacultEunrgailn eBeirb'sl" eA,q uacultural UniversDirt.Yy o.u ngs
Engineeriin1n 9g7"7,T. h itse xwta st hfeo undaftoimroa nn yt eaching spenotv e3r0 y earast
prograamrso untdh ew orladn dr emaipnosp ulsatri Mlols.t o ft he Comell teaacnhdi ng
techniincfaolr maptuibolni sihnte hdi1 s9 7t7e xrte maivnasl tiodd a3y0 mentorisntgu denitns
yearlsa terF!r edw asa co-autohno oru re arliteexrt in 2002 fishersyc iencaen d
"RecircuAlqautaicnugl ture bSyyT sitmemmosn"Es b,e liWnhge,a ton, aquacultuYroeu.n gDsr .
SummerfacnldVt i n(c2i0 0b2yC ayugAaq uVae nturletsh,aN cYa),. ism ostr ecognifzoerd
oneo fth e seminal texts
. J?
Frchda sc hairoevde5 r0 g raducaotmem ittMeaensy.o ft heP hD inf isheE"rPireisn coifpF liessh eSrcyi entchea"ht,ec o-auth�o1rtehrd .
studehnatvsge o noen t ob et hlee adienrt sh aeq uaculrteusreeaa rncdh Harryv crhaa rbto,o k tmhaantyk eeipn t hepierr sohnbarla nes
teachcionmgm uniFtrych.d a sa lwabyese anv ersyu pporitnidviev idual (w.p ubli1s9h8e1Cd,o rnelUln iverPsriet,spy s.3 49).
andh asc ontintuome edn tuosra sw ep rogrtehsrso uoguhcr a reers.
Form e( Timmointws a)s a p honcea lflr oBmi liln1 98t4�h tw as�n �y
Dr.W hcalodne veloopneedo ft hef irasqtu aculetnugrianle ering introdutcott hiweoo nr lodfa quaculatnudir,nep arti�,�cr uelcanculatm
reseaarncdeh x tenspiroong raimnts h eU .SH.i sr eseahracsih n cluded aquaculTthuepr heo.n cea lwle nsto methliink"geW haStIe p umpd o
recirculsaytsitnegms se,a foopdr ocessaiuntgo,m atoifo ony ster needm otvoe1 � 0 00g pmo fw atenrg ai1n0sf te eotfh ea:d,�?I_r esponded
shockianngd,a varieotfyo thetro pircesl atteoda quacultural witmhy ownq csti"oWnh,y d oy ouw antto k n�owt hat·?I ltlo o�mke � �
engineeHreih nagsp. u bliswhiedde plryo ducoivneg1r 0 0a rticlaensd undehri swi nga ndw e spenmta nyh ourtso geerb UJldtmhge
thrbeoeo kHse. waosn eo f tfhoeu ndmienmgb erofsa ndh ass ervaesd recircualqautaicnugls tyusrtaeet mt hCeo melDla uyR e�sarcfha rm.
presiodfe nttAh qeu aculEtnugrianle eSroicnigeD tryW..h eatroenc ently wasa lstoh ef irGsetn erMaaln ageorfm y commercaiqaula cul-ture
reti(rJeudn 2e0 10a)s DirectthoeUr S DoAfN ortheasRteegrni onal ventuFrien,g erlAaqkucasc ul(tsueCrchc a pt1e7r) .
AquaculCtcunrte(c 5ry earasn)dw asf ormeCrhlayi rmaanndP rofessor,
Departmoefn tB iologiRceaslo urcEensg ineerUinnigv,e rsoift y Bilhla asl wabyese anc onstm·ns npttt ·tr" oa tno !Il Ie.tru lyv alBuiel l's
.
MarylaCnodl,l ePgaer Mka,r ylaDnrdW.;h eatwoans a f aculty member adviocnea w idvea rioefts yu bjebcuttIs c ,o nsthdiemru nequa_�m.l ed
fo4r2 y eaartst hUen iverosfMi atryy land. experiaenndsc cei enktniofiwcl eodngfi es hermiaensa ge�tm eaasp p�dh
tor ecircualqnutaicnug�l ?It aulrseho.a vt�h eh onoorf b emgt he�n
We alolw ea gredaeta olf g ratittouD dre.W heatfoonhr i csa reer perstohnaB ti lelv etro oks i�n andf ailteoed v ehna vefi sahs tnke.
effoarsta s d eveloapnedsr u pporotfte hrae q uaculctoumrmcu nity. For We hopteoe limitnhaatdteJ stmcstoJoOnn.
thiasnd m nnyo threera sownesd ,e dictahtibeso otko h im.
ThankBsi ll!
July2010
NRAC PublicatNioo.4n 0 1-2010 NRAC PublicatNioo.4n 0 1-2010
FOREWORD
Aquaculthuarsea longh istowriyt hi tosr igdiantsib nagct koa tl east
475B Ci nC hin(aM il1n9e7,3 T)r.ou ctu ltusrte aritnGe edr mainn1y 7 41
(LeitanrdiL tezw i1s9,8 0b)u itwt a snu'nttt ihl1e 8 80t'hastt r ocuutlt ure
camet ot heU .ST.h isw ast hfei rUs.tSa .q uaculturHeo weeffvoerrt,.
aquacultuwraesn ootf m uchi mportuannttcihelle a t1e9 4w0hse inwt a s
discovteharateq uda cultmuerte hocdosu bledu setdor aifissefh o prl anting
inn atuwraatlea rsas m eantsos upplenmaetnutsr paalw niAtnt gh.i s time
thUe. Sfi.s ha ndW ildlSiefrev biecgea gnr owitnrgo (uOtn corhynchus
mykisbsl)u,e g(iLlelp ommaicsr ochilraursg)e,mb oaust(shM icropterus
salmoiadnedost )h,se perci esf oprl antFirnogim.t U s.S .i nitiiantt hieo n
188t0hsUe . St.he t rouitnu dstrgyr ews lowlyu nttihlle a 1t9e4 0osre arly
195w0hse inbt e gatone xpamnodre r apidltyh1.e9 6I0tnsh U e. Sc.a tfish
(Ictapluunrctuast uisn)d usgtorityt s st aarntdb e ganto grorwa pidly.
Althotuhgceha tfiisnhd ushtaridyt u sp asn ddo wnosv etrhy ee ariistas, n
excelsluecnctse tsosrT yh.ec atfiisnhd ussttrayrtf erdo emss entilya nlo
commerpcrioadlu citn19i 6o0tno o ve6r 0m0 ililopno unodfps r oducitni on
200W0i.t thh rei sofe ttrheoa untdc atfiinsdhu sitnrt hieUe .sS t.h ehraes
beeenx perimenatnadnt oiwco onm mercpiraold ucotfim oann yot her
specifiesshi nocfl ubduintno glt i mittose tdr ipe(dM obraossnsae x atilis),
salm(osne vsepreacli yeesl)lp,oe wr (cPhe rcaflavteislca(epsniesav) e,r al
specibelsu)ge,i lslm,a lmlo utbha s(sM icropdtoelruosm iseeuv)e,r al
specoifeb sa ifits hg,o ldfi(sCha rasasuiruas/k uosir),e, fid s hs,t urgeon
(sevsepreacli aew si)dv,ea rioeftt ryo pfiischaa,ln adv arioefot tyh feirs h
specTireesm.e ndproougresss has beenm adienf i schu ltiundr eev elopment
ofp roducstysitmoesn,n u tritigoenn, eteincgsi,n eedriisnegca,os net rol,
physioblaosguiyncd,e rstanodiffins gh b iolaongodyt haerre Haosw.e ver,
mucrhe maitonb sed onei na lolft hesaer eas.
Shellfaiqsuha culthuarsbe e enp ractiinct ehUde. Ss.i nacbeo uthte
1850b'usst,e ricouluturse realblye cammoer peo puloarn liynt hlea s3t0
yearSsp.e csiuecsa hsb luem ussel(sM ytielduusl viasr)i,so puesc oife s
oystaenrcdsl amssh,r ilmopb,s tcerrasba,sn ,do thehrasv e beeni nr aised
aquacultureM osssetht etlilnafgqisus.ah c uilntt uhrUee. Su.s else ased
bottsoyms termasfta, n dr acckul tuurep,- wellerss,o mflaeon adt/ionrg
systeumssi negi thleirn oesr cageUs..S s.h ellcfiuslht iusra el most
exclusdiovneielns y a olrtb rackwiasthwe hri leex,c efpotsr a lmmoon,s t
ficsuhl tiusir nfe r eosrbh r ackwiastheH ro.w evsearwl,at t fiesrch u ltiusr e
rapiidnlcyr eaDsevielnogp.m teo nfsh ellficsuhl tiuslr aeg gbienhgi fnids h
cultiunar ree oafsn utrietniginoeenr,i ndgi,s ecaosnet greonle, tbiacssi,c
NRAC PublicatNioo.n
401-2010
iii
11 Foreword
�
bioloagnyd o ther areas. arep resenotneldiy n s ufficdieetnattio al l low rtehaed teoru ndersttahne
ffoorrAm eqosureaetec hfauaublntl1th ue5uar y Trsbeehe e.ai e rsratns anh pdefii agdssrp torgeworstjrotheaw ctittiesnoes dreg dreg immvaeeionbtnnftyh U s a.ewtSvaa .egy rr ffaioalcrct u thloetr usr e artetoplt raeotmvtipiopotd rn oeesf esh saeiiucnpnffihot -in f dtcf eihodpeeritnmsashtaesc st puoites ohcstnoertio fe spot a rnhdoseced starueo�n c np1:t to) liRc�fo afs oti.akhs t aTeht s hr.hy e oesrb tI_ejesae nm nIo_c Sd t
includi1n)mg a:n yf isherhiaevse reatchheesidur s tainyaibelle2d ),f ood makea goodj udgmeanstt oh oww eltlh es ystewmisl o pera2t)ew ,o rk
ssaaffaeeqc tuoyan tcpiercrnoo sdf cu octnthssaau trm clea ornwsid ,3n f ) ca oatnn sdhu imgdeihern pm raontfdeo irhn i.gq hu ality, woiwtnah,a s nyds3 t)ek dmnesos wiw ghnateottdr oe l voeolkfao nopa r wq hueantsp ihrcoo pd�tpuimfOgson yr as qtueoamfcy uolutru ral
Thec onsumterre ntdh aste emso rem ealesa teanw ayf romt heh ome production systems. _ _
alscoo ntribtuota eqsu acultpurroed uctaisom no sts eafoiosde ateinn Thea uthoorfts h itse xcto mbinheadv oev e5r0 yeoafre sx pencnmc e
restauraanndt so ther eatiTnhge sbpeul saicneessn.se eesadr eliasbulpep ly aquacultural engineering.
thacta np rovipdreo ducotnsa regulbaars iyse aarr ounsdo,m ethian g
naturfails hecraynr areplryo vide.
Althoutghhefu turoef a quaculitsub rrei gihntt heU .Sth.er ea lsaor e MichBa.cT ilm monsP,h .DD.r .T immons
riskRse.g ulatoifow na tesru ppli(ebso tqhu antiatnydq ualitwya)s,t e receivheidBs . Si.n A gricultEunrgailn eering
discharagnedsh ,e alrtehg ulatairoen sb ecoming mmoorreeo naenrdo us fromt heO hioS tatUen ivershiitsMy .,S .i n
andc osttloyt hei ndustCroym.p etitfioorcn o astsailt etsh,ep ublic's AgricultEunrgailn eerfirnogtm h Uen iversity
conceranbso uetn vironmefnatcatlor rasn gifnrgo pmo lluttioco onn cerns of Hawaiia,n d hisP h.D.f romC or�nll
aboutth ev isual "pololfau qtuiaocnu"l ftaucriel iitnfi reosno tfv acation University. Dr. haTsiw momroknesdm
homeosn t hseh oraen,dt hree creatuisoeno afwl a tetrhsa atr ael ssou itable aquaculteunrgailn eerfionr2g 5 yearas� a
Tfhoeras qaeun adoc tuhlecatroru neroc ene lrayan f rseee nw oc fot uhreca lgtoihunaedogq sn ut ahceau qluitanucdruuels tttuormr yoe v eh orizon. rHeesh eaaspr ubclthieesarhc. eh�.idae d nred ela xynt dhe ansss seiprocvncae isdpa rhismt?'a. et ditoonrm any� ft he
frreocimor pceunpl osanytdsai tnnedcgm a sg.ce u ltusryes tetmost hem orec losecloyn trolled Abqiu-aacnunmluetaelut rianlsg pEson nSgsoiocnribeeeyemVd trei yier ntggiip nnTrgieo acc heo endW amangtdsef R roc rc�tst� huerln�aeo tf1 0n
capTiyatpnaidlco aprleelrcyai trciocnsugtlt( sahc talminoan sngey od f)t hapeeqrx outdaeutncisstcisyi vysoestn te esmhmusasc v ahhes ci agghee r SSyosctieeatmHnysedh . wa asss eo rnveieo ndfst ehvefe orouaffinlcd eeorprf ost �s 1tA�t� lmuocanlcsuu� dlrmtaPgElre n s�1mdlee�te.D nrn.g
Hcouwletuvirenerwn ,ha etnut rhwaecal ot netrarspno rdlro avciedbweyadar y ne dc/iorprco unldcs auytlsittnuegsram yenss d tt ehmes . TPiemrmsoonnEwsana lts ea r Jp.Tr( hi1os9me9a 9Cs-l 2a0raP0ktCr6 oo)rf neesUlsnloi ro�vrsfshEiinwtpthy ree enrpeherue _srIu_ Sp s �_talnlad
fcctbheooeinnnetwssetlei ifir xlitbtdoptlshseeldr t i r ,etoehse shdnes dieuv yr-gnciqse-n trputce oraeidnilomr mmifscceatp cu hnryrolfsoti,onaoyial dttrrfsclyurie pote canocrmre tvbglioo m a e rsvsicctin lou deiamlwenmsbteaa s uyie qt acslruihntmimano deotscgo fmwrym u t shea,alh,ittr vrte caekuftrhcnerah ttteceaiui tw TuvrnoTahteaegrhsuh.rs,setso e. e,r s pDtfarrhca oe.Todrf( imem-e mms 5seimi0srgocn0ttocnno ohhar,isnnaDeq a pssse ublet p ae ryrace euarunac tal ortmpntf iipoerdu oonrfani rBpn o dtniie,d�d csior uttiitnla_hop vottonoaegiaof)lnshaioan ? ( c tt cnnthoeosa d Ehepmxr l nu ump pvstbee�ot? trn�nvrhce l_mtrotn aedeuacsnt�eacse oth s.t Enaev rr�tnl ttech�g cmsul lweg_elmtlp�e al_i!loanra)o1mnnnc_p­ fdt�h t: elr
infom1aptrioovni dientd h itse xdto esh,o wevearl,sa op pltyoo pens,e mi­ extenssipoenc ialist.
closeadn,dc losed systems.
Theo bjectoifvt ehsit se xatr et hper actical apopfla iqcuaatciuolnt ural JamesM .E belinPgh,. DD.r .E belihnags a B.S.
engineerainndgh ow tod esignc,o nstrucatn,d m anagea n aquatic andM .S.i np hysifcrso mA lbioCno ll�ei gnA lbi�,o
productsiyosnt eImt.p rovidtehser eadewri the ssentiinaflo rmation Michigaann dW astrington State Umver_s1mt y
necessatrogy e ts tartienda quacultpurroed uctainodni te mphasizes PullmaWna,s hingtroens,p ectiHveeh laysa. c scond
practiicnaflo rmartaitohnte hra inn -detphteho retdiicsaclu ssIitdo onesns.o t M.S.i na griculetnugrianle erfirnogmW ash_mgton
provitdhere e adweirt ihn formaotnig oenn etibcass,ib ci olomgayr,k eting, StatUen iversaintdyh as thyreeaer osf f o���
anda llo ft heo thearr eaism portatnodt e velopmoefna t successful trainianttg h eU niversoiftC ya lfiorn�i Daavt�sn
aquaculotpuerrea tMiaonny. otfh esteo piacrsct ouchoendi nt het exbtu,t aquaculteunrgailn eerHien ogb.t _amehdt sP h.Dm.
Foreword V
jy
BiologicRaels ourcEensg ineerifnrgo mt heU niversi0ft y Mary 1a nd,
oaECspxo aecl hrlF.aae ntguPlognmeo a·bngeg frha S , k t qc M Suh!-eao!Jmc·lrv oau aJroWlrd S at,s pssu ,eyhrb .wcseia 1trnlaeeg h.hm teI sCDson wtaNC. nosno) r dv kieedmdoab (tneC2et ro h0 ue0k,n iJ6 cnarnfi e eoltrs Iiwo ncaftssb se iern1toe· a ifc oit.nl 1eat d e rs AF3Cr8KNye TOdeWh\ aheVrcb LFsaoEr.otDc koaGwdd nEuh e MtovEhh eNoawTlrsoSbos uep telehnlddief i n ikvtreooase l qtxvui peanradc eq tusuhlsaet cesiuunirrlgn aticleune narergpaeeiplr ncr ieuenercgrrif iiaotcntroougDi v il roenu.nr m
theU .S.w,h icwha so fferaettd h Uen iversoiftM ya rylanda,n da uthortehde
TpcbFCctPOEcDcRcua1e1h .e o.hbheeruo oenIse.1c o· mn ke s.nosauJ1teE1 0ehdmn1p tt se rwwqr nma b.tc rng5eut ota haudeeY a·ne o Ai n0arrRet a r etdolh o_l 1q� u.1cearcsc4 a v1i m ro utIhc soopeu.nnen-p,og asu ete np a L srIg2w .f•8ocrpi a·trhntLl da fe0yueeor 3obdehrCl ssashe lntarnc l derea7o,tfi·.p c,a ttno1e h eacT nmu d a e-.l bs�d u vs E·.ssn N"mt i.sEc· l1 5raeex yp Fgecyn a1x •0nBe ate5oo1 w evC ettl.E. a rReansf 7aoeasen•o rncfen.rsOb snrl nvc5ga".hfsiasfs 1rw. t vsJ s•sa s .oes1 obilae'aeeir ctCP arHhodlnrpLnle m rdooUa araer en.e er Adlaaa nrurniqtonnc a soE . niNss nei Euhdghtqitnj n sopesv-ae 'r 'euhgnglemt,renece c a arR·ei caa tn taorumtate ntiiChHtransl nhiese nale aOcsitdorctceeir :Sbfphhettum f heoarsnojytopye ixryra e rsepl}gle fa�rletoouA en cy ei ibiJa tifaevqc gS uan'hsnnnswceo1r nutego@tmga tataaShaam rossa·irufas·Bv2.ende · IttE t mn · ec o·t ta eDe rw U5 mmXhe iaa o unhes yry .er mas1 enso,d lI· es·ese. . dMvm ·w 11n Efi·atIoa 1 a oae tee·1oe bai u srctrpnssnrr err· n�ktyar· ..siI1y1sni a sae ·m mss.c nea. ,k ,a0d g n1tsg.tg ·I u ta e tr a ttct Det ce n nmo··It e ahehyhah,o.mdt'd fS o s · ee re ms u n c r hre fWclboPUhetsCAwiiuoofrnixhuoqrtlrrc ooisteprnuaiCWaehsrakvfr apestoeqyettiseeeHclaosiAn u woicr.smunlreinqsaoafous selHd-ts gwutgetcun Snlioloeta Feta ahrrhuldosturyf urrdahsScCaevaedld fioa.nym Mrec n ayuht na elt rnl s ae scsslaedtevopuNFsse,sry he totiff ilntecureuto luIw feuruooigelabEwatn apna mrmlrankixotln lhdnpstYt(saa (l enttpeig seDfFdotooew"lntppl eh mdis eCior,ri rre ,hum ere nhanpgowue ttk S cebtrhoneen aolinst uo,hr liieuteddrtlddhettwr oeicngl r t eeiwxierirasuFghpmSiCmglnatPr igtpthilr o eontoeeygtIobaeito rienaetumcgthun endorfnif2onde rdhtbih he"troprs koanBU dg dil 0eeaa A sfor Mnt,klg.ifu istyrstnqe0 ilaigeH SMorc th syku nortiew2.riof(iae a.e oaattgy uv ( n.m )Sino n 1aJvcnielitseg hds1nd uroeud9nxaRcoecnw hie lsem9lr 2gtn eHa u 9hanpoi at W db.sal7rw0mos hv9seEnue.oo n Grh a 70eeaeern,yr oukreinhrrtrorw) g akri anc"ya dht-ivil c.neidthiER nseisleyna esmnul nne dt cpldaeessW,psayatgcpoool l ae V ltt neiiruwnewrroD)eoiadrnnretnssassiftJ isygn eacsws,yoot n hor eadttetuwih,b sarhigrhedt hhrildeo e sei,ennc eeeioae ds e td n ntn o gaitr,ln ga nd
wrotteh eb ooki nste.aT dh)efi rstte xwta sf inancisaulplpyo rtienpd a rbty
theN ortheastReergni onAaqlu acultCucrnct earn dc ontinuteods i stribute
August1 ,2 010 theb ook.A lsot ot heN RAES (NaturRuels ourceAsg,r iculturaen,d
EngineerSienrgv icae sL,a ndG ranOtu trcacphr ogralmt,h acNaY,; sec
www.NRAES.orfgo rac ompleltieso tfa vailapbulbel icatainodrn ess ource
materiawlhso)p ermitt edt heuseofsommact eriparlesv ioupsulbyl ishiend
NRAES-49" EngineerAisnpge ctosfI ntensAiqvuea culture".
We owea deepd ebotf g ratittuodD er .R aulP iedrah(iPtrao fessor
Departmeonft BiologaincdAa glr icultEunrgailn eerinUgn,i versoift y
CaliforDnaivai,s C,A 9561U.6S .Ap.h on5e 30-752-E2-m7a8i0l ,
rhpiedrahita@ucdawvhiosc .aerdeuf)u eldliyt etdh ee ntitreex cth,a pter
byc hapt(etrh iwsa st ob ea blteo trantshleea nttei treex itn tSop anish,
currenatvlayi lafbrloem w ww.c-a-v.nanedtm )a,d em anyt houghtful
suggestiaonndcs o rrecmtaendy m istakwees h ado ver-looked. Thank
youR aullAln d,t hen EriKko pach(cm yr ecengtr aduasthe1 dendti)d
a finalt exetd itianngMrd c. o nversoifop nr eviofuisl ienst coa merrae ady
formafto rt hep rintTehra.n ky ouE rik!
Finalwleyw, o uldl ikteoe xpreosusr t hanktsot hes everraelv ieweorfs
thefi rstte xtth amta det heb ooka sp ractiacnadcl o mpleatsep ossible. Our
thankgso t oe acho ft hem:
vi vu
Acknowledgements
We wouldal sloi kteo t hanske vreailn divuiadlwsh o madec ontributions
John Ewart Extension AquacultEuxrtee nsiSopne ciiaslt, tot heb ooks, pecifically:
DelawarSee aG ranMta rine
Advisoyr ServicGer,a duea t Chapte4r C ultuUrnei ts:
CollegoefM arinSet udies, • Dr.S teveTn. S ummrefelDti.r ect,o rAuqacutlureS ystems
UniversoiftDye laware. Resaerc�hT he ConsertviaonF undsF rsehwateIrn stitu1t0e9,8
TurnerR ad,S hephdesrtownW,V 254433;0 4-876-2p8h1;53 04-
DonaldW cbstcr Extension Marine SciEednuccea tor, 870-220fa8x ; [email protected]
E-mail
Universoift yM aryland
CooperatiEvxet ension Chapte5r S olidCsa pture:
• Dr.S teveTn. Summerfelta nd Dr.B rianVi nciT.h e
MichacIla nnlelo Indusyt r GenerMaaln agerF,i ngerlakes ConservatiFounn dsF reshwatIenrs tit,u 1t0e98T urner Road,
AquacultuGrreo,t onN,Y ShephdesrtownW,V 254433;0 4-876-2p8h1;53 04-870-2fax2;08
E-mail [email protected] or
JerrRye dden Industry DirectWoorr,c estCeoru nty [email protected]
EconomiDce velopmeOnftfi ce,
SnowH illM,D 21863 Chapte9rD enitfirciation:
E-maielc:o devo@ezyt. ne • Dr.J aapv anR ijnHe.a d,D epartmeonftA nimalS cienceThse,
PasMta nagerA,q uaMar, RoberHt. SmitFha culolfyA grictuurle,F ooda ndE nviornment,
Pocomkoe,M D TheH ebrewU niversoiftJ yer usalePm.,O B.o x 12, Reh7o6v1o0t0 ,
Israevloi.c e9:7 2-8-94893E-0m2a,i lV:a [email protected]
GlennS nappa nd Industry OwnersW,a terMa nagement
TerrMyc Carthy Technologies, Chapte1r1 O zonatioann dU V-Irradiation:
Baton RouLgAe , • Dr. HelgLei ltvReesde.a rcMha nagerE,n vironmenTteaclh nology;
NorwegiaInn stitfuotreW aterR esearchB,r anch OffSiocuet h,
Thomas Losordo Research ProfessNoorr,t hC aroliSntaa te Televeie3n, N-4879 GrimstadN,o rway; Inetrnet
University http://www.nivaP.hnoon;e : [phone]; E-mai·l :
[email protected]
GordonD urant Government Fish CulCtouorred inatToerch-ncial • Dr. SteTv.eS nu mmerfelDitr.e ct,o ArquacultuSryes tems
DevelopmeFnits,hC ultuSree ction, ResearchT,h e ConservatiFounn dsF reshwatIenrs tit,u t01e9 8
Fisahn dW ildlei BfrancOhn,t ario TurnreR oadS,h epherdstoWwVn 2,5 4433;0 4-876-2p8h1;5 304-
MinistorfyN aturRaels uorces 870-220fa8x ;E -mails:. [email protected]
WilliaFmou lkrodS econdary TeacheSre,c ondaErdyu cation, Chapte1r5 S ysteMma nagemenatn dO perations:
Education SyracuNsYe , • Mr.D onW ebsteMrar.i nSec ienEcdeu catoSre,aG ranEtx tension
ProgramU,n iversoiftM ya rylanCdo operatiEvxet ensioWny,e
Researc&h EducatioCne netr,P O Box 169,Q ueenstowMnD
21658P;h one4:1 0-827-53e7x7t1 27E;- maidlw:e [email protected]
• Dr.J oeM . RegensPtroefiens.sD oerp,a rtmeonftF ood Science,
CornelUln iversiItlyh,a cNaY, 14583;E -maijlm:r [email protected]
LX
VIII Acknowledgements
Chapte1r6 F isHhe altMha nagement:
The originavle rsioonf thipsu blicatwiaosn supportebyd the
• Dr.JuliBeeb ak-Will(iVaMmDs,P hD). VeterinaMreyd ical
_ CooperatSitvaetR ee searcEhd,u catiaonnd,E xtensiSoenr vice
OffiCer, USADRAS ,A AHRU,9 90W ireR d.A,u burn,A L 36832;
(CSREES)U,. S.De pattmeonft Agircultuurned,e rAg reemenNto . 97-
phoneP H:3 34-887-37E4-1m;a ijlu:l [email protected]
38500-46a4w1a,r detdo t heN ortheasteRrne gionaAlqu acuulrteC enter
• Dr. AlicNioab lCCeo.,n u sltiVnegt eirnariFarne,s hwartI ensittute,
(NRAC)N.R AC wasl ocataetdt he UniveorfsM iatsys ahcusetDtasr tmouth
Shepherodwsnt,W V, USA;E -maialn:o [email protected].
att hatt imeb,u ti sc urerntllyo cataetdt h eU niversoiftMya rylaCnodl lege
• Dr.P auRl. B owseFri.s hP athologainsdtP roefssoorf Aquatci
ParkM,a rylandA.n y opinonis,f indincgosn,c lusioornr sec,o mmendatiso n
AnimalM edicineC,o llegoef VeterinaMreyd icineC ornell
� expresdsi ent hipsu blicatairoctn h osoef t hea uthoarnsd d o nonte cessialry
UniveirtsyD.r . Bowsiesar l soon eo f thpreo jetlc eadrso ft he
reflecthte v iewosf t heU .SD.e partmeonftA gricutluret,h Neo rtheastern
Aquatci Animal HeaPlrtohg raam tC ornellUn iversity:
RegionaAlq uacultuCrec nctr,o rt he UniversMiatryy loafn d.
AquatiAcn imalH ealtPhr ogram:
http: /Iw ebv.e .tc orneleld.u /Pubilc /iF shDseiaes/Aq uaitcP rog/
AQUA VET Progrma: http://www.aquaveot/m ed.inf
Phone[phone]E2-9m;a iplr:b [email protected]
• Mr.G regW oosteRres.e arcThec hniciCaonl,l egoefV eterinary
__
Med1cm,eC ornelUln ivesritIyh,ta caN,Y 14853p;h on6e 07-253-
4028E;- maigla:w [email protected]
Chapte1r8 FNiusthr itiaonnd F eeding:
• Dr. GeorgKee tolReas.e arcPhh ysiologTiusnti,s oLna boratory
ofA Hq.u atiScc iencUeS,G S,Gr eaLta keSsc ienCcee nteCro rtland
� i
NY andA djunctA ssistaPnrtof essoDre,p artmentNf a tura
Resoursc,eC ornelUln iversiIttyh,a NcYa ,
• Dr.P auDl. M augl.eP .D .M . anAds soicateNso,rw ich CT
Chapetr1 9A quaponics:
• DrJ.a meRsa kocUyn.i versoiftt yh eV irgiInsl andAsg,r icutlural
ExperimeSntta tioRR2n,. Box1 0000K.i nghsillS,t C.r oixV,I
00850E.- maijlar:k [email protected]
AppendiSxo:f twea arndC omputing:
• Ms.R osAag uirArqeu,a cutlurCe onsultaSnatc.r aemntaC A.E ­
mailr:o [email protected]
X Acknowledgements
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forewor..d... .........................................................................................i.. .
Ackno\vledgc..m...c..n...t...s..... ................................................................v. .
Chapt1e:rI ntroducttoi oRne circAuqluatauicltnugrT ce chnology
1.0 Backgrou.n.d. ........................................................).. ................
1.1 TheO ptimiiscVt iew.. ............................................................2.
1.2 RecirculaAtqiunagc ultuSryes tem(sR AS).. ..........................2.
1.3 RAS Advatnage..s... ................................................................6
1.4 WorldM arkeNte eds.. ...........................................................1 0
1.5 MarkeDty namic..s.. ..........................................................1....1
1.6 Overvieowf R ecirculaAtqiuangc ultuSryes tem(sR AS)... ... 13
1.7 CanR AS Compe.t..e.. ..........................................................1. 5
1.8 IsA quacultuFroerY ou .......................................................2.. 2
1.9 SomeQ uicCka se Hist.o..r...i..e..s... ...................................... 23
1.10H istorLye ssoonn F ailusr. .e.................................................2. 4
1.11I nteriaocntBs etweeOnb jectiveRse,s oucresB,u siness
Strtaegya,n dD esing. ..........................................................2...6
1.12T em1inoloagnyd n omcnclat.u..r...e.. ...................................2..8
1.13W ebsitfeosr R eferen..c...e.. ...................................................3 0
1.14S ummarya ndt heC omellS horCto urs..e.. ............................ 35
1.15R efcrenc.e.s. ................................................37. .........................
ChapterW ateQru ality
2.0 2:I ntroduct.i..o...n.. ...................................................................3 9
2.1 PhysicaPrlo perti..e...s.. ......................................................... 40
2.2 WaterQ uantiRteyq uireme.n...t..s. .......................................4. 2
2.3 WaterS ourc.e...s.. ................................................................. .44
2.4 WaterQ ualiSttya nddasr.. ...................................................... 47
2.5 WaterQ ualiPtayr amet..e..r..s... ............................................5. 0
2.6 Mcasurrneents. .......................................................................6 6
xi