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Recent Developments in Copper Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling PDF

59 Pages·2011·1.35 MB·English
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RRRReeeecccceeeennnntttt DDDDeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnnttttssss iiiinnnn CCCCooooppppppppeeeerrrr-- CCaattaallyyzzeedd AAeerroobbiicc OOxxiiddaattiivvee CCoouupplliinngg RReeaaccttiioonnss UUssiinngg OOxxyyggeenn aass OOxxiiddaanntt ZZZZHHHHEEEE  JJJJIIIIAAAA MMIICCHHIIGGAANN SSTTAATTEE UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 2/16/2011 Transition Metal Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Reaction 2  Activate two different C-H bonds or H-Heteroatom bonds  Couple them via a transition metal catalyst  CCaarrrryy oouutt tthhee rreeaaccttiioonn iinn aaiirr oorr OO , wwiitthh OO aass tthhee ooxxiiddaanntt 2 2 Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Gligorich, K. M. Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615. Gligorich, K. M. Sigman, M. S. Chem. Commun., 2009, 3854-3867. CCooppppeerr CCaattaallyyzzeedd AAeerroobbiicc OOxxiiddaattiivvee CCoouupplliinngg RReeaaccttiioonn 3 Why copper?  Copper is relatively abundant in the earth’s crust.  Copper can bind and activate dioxygen well that perform a variety of ccrriittiiccaall bbiioollooggiiccaall ffuunnccttiioonnss. Glaser Coupling (1869) Gamez, P.; Aubel, P. G.; Driessen, W. L.; Reedijk, J. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2001, 30, 376-385. Lewis, E. A.; Tolman, W. B. Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 1047-1076. Glaser, C. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1869, 2, 422. Glaser, C. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1870, 154, 137. Pros and Cons of Oxidative Coupplingg Reaction 4 AAttttrraaccttiioonnss:: CChhaalllleennggeess:: Direct C-H functionalizaton Homocoupling of the two   nucleopphiles HHiighh attom economy effffiiciiency  Direct reaction of the  H O is generated as by-product  2 nucleophiles with the oxidant environmentallyy friendlyy Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Stahl, S. S. Science, 2005, 309, 1824-1826. Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Chem. Commun., 2009, 3854-3867. Transition Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reaction PPattern 5 Preactivation OOxxiiddaattiivvee Nucleophile Electrophile Addition ML n 5 R-R' R'-X 11 Reductive Elimination R' R' 4 L M L M 2 n n R X M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ru, Rh ... ... Transmetalation m-X m-RR 3 Armin de Meijere, François Diederich, Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition, Wieley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004 MMooddeellss ffoorr CCoouupplliinngg RReeaaccttiioonn BBoonndd CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn 6 Classic Coupling Model  Oxidative Coupling Model Liu, C.; Jin, L.; Lei, A. Synlett., 2010, 17, 2527–2536. Too CCoombbinee Twoo Nuuccleeoopphileess Tooggeetheer 7 Mn+2X 2 Mn+2X [O] Nu1 H 2 O Nu1 H 2 + + Nu22 H Nu2 H Mn Mn 2H++ H O Nu1 Nu2 Nu2 Nu1 Nu2 Nu2 (H2O ) 2 2 Mn+2 Mn+2 Nu1 Nu1 Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615. Too CCoombbinee Twoo Nuuccleeoopphileess Tooggeetheer 8 Mn+2X 2 Mn+2X [O] Nu1 H 2 O Nu1 H 2 + + Nu22 H Nu2 H Mn Mn 2H++ H O Nu1 Nu2 Nu2 Nu1 Nu2 Nu2 (H2O ) 2 2 Mn+2 Mn+2 Nu1 Nu1 Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615. Whyy OO aass OOxiddaant?? 22 9 O is the quintessential oxidant for chemical 2 ssyynntthheessiiss!!  HHuuggee aabbuunnddaannccee iinn nnaattuurree  Available at virtually no cost  Produces no environmentally hazardous by-products Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Stahl, S. S. Science 2005, 309, 1824-1826. Metalloenzyyme-catalyyzed Aerobic Oxidation 10 aa)) OOxxyyggeennaassee PPaatthhwwaayy bb)) OOxxiiddaassee PPaatthhwwaayy  IInn tthhee ooxxyyggeennaassee ppaatthhwwaayy ((aa)), tthhee ssuubbssttrraattee ooxxiiddaattiioonn iinnvvoollvveess ooxxyyggeenn-aattoomm ttrraannssffeerr from molecular oxygen.  The oxidase pathway (b), utilizes molecular oxygen as a electron/proton acceptor in the ooxxiiddaattiioonn ooff tthhee ssuubbssttrraattee. Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420. Stahl, S. S. Science 2005, 309, 1824-1826.

Description:
Glaser Coupling (1869) cat. Cu. I. Ph. Ph. +. Ph. Ph cat. Cu. + 1/2 O2. + H2. O base. Ph. + CuCl base. Ph. Cu(I). One Possible Mechanism Pathway: H. ( ). O2. Ph. Ph. Cu(II). Ph. Cu(I). +. Ph. Ph dimerization. Ph. Ph. Glaser, C. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1869, 2, 422. Glaser, C. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1870,
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