Recent Crustal Movements, 1982

336 Pages·1983·35.148 MB·1-349\336

by  P. VYSKOČIL, A.M. WASSEF and R. GREEN (Eds.)

FURTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES
1. J. AUBOUIN
GEOSYNCLINES
2. R. W. VAN BEMMELEN
GEODYNAMIC MODELS
3. A. SUGIMURA and S. UYEDA
ISLAND ARCS, JAPAN AND ITS ENVIRONS
4. A.R. RITSEMA (Editor)
THE UPPER MANTLE
5. C. LOMNITZ
GLOBAL TECTONICS AND EARTHQUAKE RISK
6. X. LE PIC HON, J. FRANCHETEAU AND J. Β ON Ν IN
PLATE TECTONICS
7. R.W. GIRDLER (Editor)
EAST AFRICAN RIFTS
8. S. MUELLER (Editor)
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST
9. N. PAVONI AND R. GREEN (Editors)
RECENT CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
10. S.W. CAREY
THE EXPANDING EARTH
11. AM. JOHNSON
STYLES OF FOLDING
12. M.H.P. BOTT (Editor)
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND CRATONS
13. C.A. WHITTEN, R. GREEN AND B.K. MEADE (Editors)
RECENT CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS, 1977
14. M.N. TOKSÔZ, S. UYEDA AND J. FRANCHETEAU (Editors)
OCEANIC RIDGES AND ARCS
15. CE. KEEN (Editor)
CRUSTAL PROPERTIES ACROSS PASSIVE MARGINS
16. P. VYSKOCIL, R. GREEN AND H. MALZER (Editors)
RECENT CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS, 1979
17. J.H. ILLIES (Editor)
MECHANISM OF GRABEN FORMATION
18. E.V. ARTYUSHKOV
GEODYNAMICS
19. P. MORGAN AND B.H. BAKER
PROCESSES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING
Developments in Geotectonics 20
RECENT CRUSTAL
MOVEMENTS, 1982
Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements and
Phenomena associated with Earthquakes and Volcanism, May 12—13, 1982,
Tokyo, at the General Meeting of the International Association of Geodesy
Edited by
P. VYSK0CÏ L
International Center on Recent Crustal Movements, 250 66 Zdiby 98,
Prague (Czechoslovakia)
A.M. WASSE F
6 Fayorum Street, Heliopolis, Cairo (Egypt)
R.G REE N
Department of Geophysics, University of New England, Armidale,
N.S.W. 2351 (Australia)
Reprinted from Tectonophysics Volume 97
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1983
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© Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1983
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Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Printed in The Netherlands
ν
PREFACE
The papers presented here were given at the 3rd Symposium on: "Recent Crustal
Movements and Phenomena associated with Earthquakes and Volcanism" on May
12-13, 1982 in Tokyo at the General Meeting of the International Association of
Geodesy. The scientific programme of the Symposium was prepared by convenor
Paval Vyskocil of the International Center on Recent Crustal Movements in Prague,
Czechoslovakia, and co-convenor Kenuosuka Hosoyama of the International Lati­
tude Observatory in Misuzawa, Japan. In a framework of 5 sessions 35 scientific
papers were presented, divided into the following topics:
(a) new results in recent crustal movement studies at a local or regional scale,
(b) crustal deformations associated with volcanism,
(c) crustal deformations associated with seismic activity,
(d) error analysis, computations, and methods of measurements.
Within the first topic were presented and discussed 17 papers containing informa­
tion on crustal movement studies in Southern America, the U.S.A., Australia,
Europe and Japan. One paper reported on crustal deformations associated with
volcanism in Japan. In 9 papers presented by colleagues from Japan and the
People's Republic of China, crustal deformations associated with earthquakes were
discussed. Eight papers reported on the progress in errors analysis and stress-strain
analysis as well as adjustment and observation methods.
The results characterize the broad experiences in crustal deformation studies
obtained in Japan and in other parts of the world. In comparison with former
symposia, the great importance of the contribution of the People's Republic of
China should be pointed out, as well as that of Australia and South America,
extending in such a way the world-wide effort in crustal movement studies.
This volume contains 23 papers and 9 abstracts of the presentations at the five
technical sessions. In addition, 2 papers and 11 abstracts not presented but reg­
istered at the symposium are included. The papers given by abstracts are in the most
part printed in other journals.
Ronald Green of Armidale, Australia, A.M. Wassef of Cairo, Egypt and Pavel
Vyskocil of Prague, Czechoslovakia were the co-editors. They express their apprecia­
tion to the authors and the local organizing committee for their cooperation and also
thank the editorial staff of Tectonophysics for their continued help and support for
the Commission on Recent Crustal Movements by publishing these proceedings.
P.V.
VII
LIST OF AUTHORS
Allman, J.S., 87 Kasahara, M, 231, 327 Sato, T., 217
Angus-Leppan, P.V., 87 Kato, T., 183 Secord, J.M., 297
Asano, S., 241 Langbein, J.O., 39 Shichi, R., 327
Bilham, R., 337 Leonhard, T., 296 Shimazaki, K., 114, 156
Brown, L., 19 Linker, M.F., 39 Slater, L.E., 39
Brunner, F.K., 172 Lisowski, M., 41 Sloane, B., 87
Caputo, M, 317 Liu, Chi-Ching, 73 Sjôberg, L.E., 97
Chen, Y.Q., 297 Maekawa, T., 154 Tada, T., 147, 241
Cheng, Α., 73 Ma Li, 158 Tachibana, K., 217
Chrzanowski, Α., 297 Màlzer, H., 251 Takagi, Α., 217
Chuy, T., 17 Marqués, Μ.Ε., 17 Tanaka, M., 171
Enman, S.V., 351 Matsu'ura, M., 201 Totomanov, I., 294
Enman, V.B., 153, 351 McGarr, Α., 39 Venereo, Α., 17
Fujii, Y., 115 Mishina, M., 217 Verio, Α., 157
Fujita, N., 141, 147 Miura, S., 217 Vyskocil, P., 95
Hashimoto, K„ 217 Murakami, Ε., 217 Watanabe, H., 154
Heck, B., 251 Nakamura, Κ., 114 Wei, Zaho, 158
Henneberg, H.G., 1 Nakane, Κ., 115 Wellman, P., 85
Hernandez, J.R., 17 Nikonov, A.A., 103 Welsch, W.M., 57
Hokugo, S., 113 Okada, Y., 327 Yakushko, G.G., 103
Holdahl, S.R., 21 Olivier, J., 19 Yokoyama, I., 154
Hosoyama, K., 171 Ozawa, I., 319 Yonekura, Ν., 114
Inouchi, N., 141 Prescott, W.H., 41 Zaho Wei, 158
Ishii, H., 217 Reilinger, R., 19 Zhaozhu, Fu, 159
Iwasaki, T., 201 Ruihao, Li, 159 Zheng Lin, Yu, 279
Jackson, D.D., 73 Sato, H., 173 Zhou, J., 293
Kailasam, L.N., 155 Sato, K., 217 Zong Chou, Yu, 279
Kanngieser, E., 265
Tectonophysics, 97 (1983) 1-15 1
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands
1. New Results in Recent Crustal Movement Studies at Local or Regional Scale
GEODETIC CONTROL OF NEOTECTONICS IN VENEZUELA
HEINZ G. HENNEBERG
Escuela de Geodesia, Univ. del Zulia, Maracaibo (Venezuela)
(Received by Editor July 20, 1982; received by Publisher March 10, 1983)
ABSTRACT
Henneberg, H.G., 1983. Geodetic control of neotectonics in Venezuela. In: P. Vyskocil, A.M. Wassef and
R. Green (Editors), Recent Crustal Movements, 1982. Tectonophysics, 97: 1-15.
Net installations for measurements of movement started in 1973 along the Bocono Fault, which is the
main fault in the Venezuelan Andes. Investigations of horizontal movements are made on three locations
along this fault: Mucubaji at 3700 m height, Mitisus at 1700 m and Yacambu at 700 m. At Mucubaji
3
there are two nets with 8 stations each and at Mitisus we have three nets represented by 29 stations. Each
station has a concrete pillar with a forced centering device on top and has a 1-4 m concrete plaform.
These nets were measured several times, giving resulting difference vectors of a range of several cm. One
of these nets is also a control net of a hydroelectrical Power Dam, installed near the fault trace.
At Yacambu we have a 26 km extended tunnel net which is crossing the fault. This net was measured'
twice with difference vectors up to 6 cm.
In the Maracaibo Basin Area the vertical component of subsidence due to oil extraction reaches 5 m
as a result of continuous movements since 1925.
Gravimetric research is also carried out over all the mentioned locations.
In cooperation with the Universities of Hannover and Stuttgart and the German Geodetic Research
Institute a programme was started to determine the geoid and deflections of the vertical in the high Andes
mountains, especially around the Mucubaji fault site. Parallel to and in combination with these geodetic
investigations seismological studies are carried out by a geophysical group from Merida University,
Venezuela.
INTRODUCTION
According to present-day knowledge about plate tectonics, the continents and
other parts of the earth's crust are permanently undergoing movement and deforma­
tion. Around the plates of the Americas, these phenomena are rather irregular, as
shown in Fig. 1. The separation line of the Carribbean and the South American
plates pass through the northern part of South America. This line is located in
Venezuela. It can be seen in Fig. 2, that the Pilar fault and the Bocono fault form the
southern arc of the Carribbean plate (Schubert, 1980). These faults are of the
right-lateral slip types (see arrows). Hospers and Van Wijnen established the
0040-1951/83/$03.00 © 1983 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
2
Fig. 1. The tectonic plates: A = North American, Β = Caribbean, C = Cocos, D = Nazca, E = South
American, F = African, G = Antarctic, H = Pacific, / = Eurasian. Arrows show the directions of the main
relative movements.
existence of additional compression, perpendicular to the Bocono fault due to
orogenic forces (Fig. 3). Along the Bocono fault extends an area of strong seismic
activity. In Fig. 4 is seen the distribution of earthquake centre according to the
Richter scale (Cluff and Hansen, 1969). The first geodetic investigations in
neotectonic areas in Venezuela were carried out in 1956 by the Shell Oil Co. of
Venezuela. Two gravity profiles crossing the Andes mountains (Hospers and Van
Fig. 2. The Caribbean plate, with Bocono fault and Pilar fault.
3
Wijnen, 1959) (Fig. 5) were established to determine gravity differences and anoma­
lies between the Maracaibo and the Apure basins including the high Andes moun­
tain range (Fig. 6). In 1978, Drewes installed three gravity nets: along the Andes
Fig. 3. Movement and compression along Bocono fault.
mountains, around Maracaibo lake and in the oilfields on the east coast of the lake
(Fig. 7).
The investigations to detect vertical and horizontal movements through high
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Fig. 4. Distribution of earthquake centres (Cluff and Hansen, 1969).
4
Fig. 5. Location of gravity profiles crossing the Andes mountains.
precision geodetic networks started in 1973 at Mitisus (see Fig. 15), in combination
with measurements made to investigate the behaviour of the hydro-electric dam of
Santo Domingo. At Mucubaji two nets with a total of 16 stations were installed (Fig.
8). The tunnel net at Yacambu crosses the Bocono fault and was measured twice
(1973-1975). These measurements were executed by Tranarg (Geodetic Private
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mgal.
Fig. 6. Gravity profiles with Bouguer anomalies from the Andes. For location, see Fig. 5.
5
Company, Caracas). Part of this network is shown in Figs. 18 and 19. All stations of
the Mucubaji and Mitisus nets are reinforced concrete structures with observation
columns with forced centering device (Fig. 9). The vertical control in the oilfields
Fig. 7. Gravity nets (schematic) installed in the Andes-Maracaibo lake area.
Fig. 8. Geodetic nets at Mucubaji.