Recent Advances in Prolactin Research PDF
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Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 846 Series Editors Irun R. Cohen The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel N.S. Abel Lajtha Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA Rodolfo Paoletti University of Milan, Milan, Italy John D. Lambris University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology presents multidisciplinary and dynamic findings in the broad fields of experimental medicine and biology. The wide variety in topics it presents offers readers multiple perspectives on a variety of disciplines including neuroscience, microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, biomedical engineering and cancer research. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology has been publishing exceptional works in the field for over 30 years and is indexed in Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Biological Abstracts, CSA, Biological Sciences and Living Resources (ASFA-1), and Biological Sciences. The series also provides scientists with up to date information on emerging topics and techniques. 2013 Impact Factor: 2.012 More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5584 Maria Diakonova Editor Recent Advances in Prolactin Research 1 3 Editor Maria Diakonova Department of Biological Sciences University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ISBN 978-3-319-12113-0 ISBN 978-3-319-12114-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956558 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or in- formation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This book is devoted to some aspects of the prolactin action. Although prolactin (PRL) was discovered more than 80 years ago, our understanding of the roles of PRL in the human physiology is still very incomplete. Thus, PRL is not only a pitu- itary hormone with an important role in the reproduction but also acts as a cytokine, eliciting a wide variety of actions. Data gathered during the last decade have dem- onstrated that locally produced PRL acts as the autocrine/paracrine factor and plays a role in breast cancer. Following the reestablishment of a contributory role for PRL during breast oncogenesis, the scientific and clinical communities have held great hope that manipulation of the PRL axis may lead to the successful treatment of breast cancer. This hope is not yet dashed, however the role of the PRL axis is now being shown to be more complex than was primary envisaged. The first aim of this book is to overview major advances in the field. Secondly, this book presents information on the role of PRL in non-mammary tissues in physiological and patho-physiological conditions. About 100–300 func- tions or targets have been identified for PRL in various species. This is true for the prostate, the skin, the decidua, the brain, some immune cells, adipocytes, and several others. The book discusses the role of PRL in adipocytes, immune response, angiogenesis, as well as in prolactinomas and prostate tumorigenesis. This book also aims to summarize current knowledge about PRL and its receptor, plasticity of the PRL axis, PRL signaling pathways, and PRL crosstalk with other oncogenic factors. Overall, the goal of this book is to identify and review new experimental find- ings that have provided further insight into the role of PRL in human physiology and patho-physiology. Thus, this book bridges between new research results, as published in journal articles, and a contextual literature review. M. Diakonova v Contents 1 Prolactin (PRL) in Adipose Tissue: Regulation and Functions ............. 1 Nira Ben-Jonathan and Eric Hugo 2 Signaling Pathways Regulating Pituitary Lactotrope Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis ............................................................... 37 Allyson K. Booth and Arthur Gutierrez-Hartmann 3 The Many Faces of Prolactin in Breast Cancer ....................................... 61 Wen Y Chen 4 Regulation of Blood Vessels by Prolactin and Vasoinhibins ................... 83 Carmen Clapp, Stéphanie Thebault, Yazmín Macotela, Bibiana Moreno-Carranza, Jakob Triebel and Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera 5 T yrosyl Phosphorylated Serine-Threonine Kinase PAK1 is a Novel Regulator of Prolactin-Dependent Breast Cancer Cell Motility and Invasion ................................................................................. 97 Alan Hammer and Maria Diakonova 6 Plasticity of the Prolactin (PRL) Axis: Mechanisms Underlying Regulation of Output in Female Mice ................................ 139 P. R. Le Tissier, D. J. Hodson, A. O. Martin, N. Romanò and P. Mollard 7 Role of Src Family Kinases in Prolactin Signaling ............................... 163 Jorge Martín-Pérez, José Manuel García-Martínez, María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón, Víctor Mayoral-Varo and Annarica Calcabrini 8 Prolactin-Induced Protein in Breast Cancer ......................................... 189 Ali Naderi vii viii Contents 9 Modeling Prolactin Actions in Breast Cancer In Vivo: Insights from the NRL-PRL Mouse ........................................ 201 Kathleen A. O’Leary, Michael P. Shea and Linda A. Schuler 10 Prolactin-Induced Prostate Tumorigenesis ............................................ 221 Lucila Sackmann-Sala and Vincent Goffin 11 Prolactin in Inflammatory Response ...................................................... 243 Ana Laura Pereira Suarez, Gonzalo López-Rincón, Priscila A. Martínez Neri and Ciro Estrada-Chávez 12 A Positive Feedback Loop Between Prolactin and STAT5 Promotes Angiogenesis ............................................................................. 265 Xinhai Yang and Andreas Friedl Index ................................................................................................................ 281 Chapter 1 Prolactin (PRL) in Adipose Tissue: Regulation and Functions Nira Ben-Jonathan and Eric Hugo Abstract New information concerning the effects of prolactin (PRL) on metabolic processes warrants reevaluation of its overall metabolic actions. PRL affects meta- bolic homeostasis by regulating key enzymes and transporters associated with glu- cose and lipid metabolism in several target organs. In the lactating mammary gland, PRL increases the production of milk proteins, lactose, and lipids. In adipose tissue, PRL generally suppresses lipid storage and adipokine release and affect adipogen- esis. A specific case is made for PRL in the human breast and adipose tissues, where it acts as a circulating hormone and an autocrine/paracrine factor. Although its over- all effects on body composition are both modest and species-specific, PRL may be involved in the manifestation of insulin resistance. 1.1 Introduction Metabolic homeostasis of an individual is finely regulated by the nutritional status, energy expenditure, and hormonal signals. Peripheral organs such as the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue, as well as many centers within the brain, respond to these changes and act coordinately to maintain metabolic stability. Prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional pituitary hormone with more actions than all other pituitary hor- mones combined. These functions are broadly classified as reproductive, metabolic, osmoregulatory, and immunoregulatory. The actions of PRL are mediated by the PRL receptor (PRLR), which is expressed in all organs associated with metabolic regulation. Unique to humans, PRL is also produced at multiple extrapituitary sites, N. Ben-Jonathan () · E. Hugo Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45255, USA e-mail: [email protected] E. Hugo e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 1 M. Diakonova (ed.), Recent Advances in Prolactin Research, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 846, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_1 2 N. Ben-Jonathan and E. Hugo categorizing it as a classical circulating hormone as well as an autocrine/paracrine cytokine. Whereas humans are the one species we wish to know most about, they are also the least accessible to experimental manipulations. Although some properties of PRL in humans are well documented, for example, the effects of drugs, prolacti- noma formation, and variants of PRL and the PRLR, others remain obscure. By necessity, then, information derived from laboratory animals is essential for the un- derstanding of PRL in human health and disease. Nonetheless, extrapolation from data obtained with rodents to humans should be done selectively and judiciously. Given that both PRL homeostasis and adipose tissue properties differ greatly among species, each section in this chapter contains an extensive comparison of these pa- rameters in humans vs. rodents. To fully evaluate the role of PRL as a metabolic hormone with a focus on adipose tissue, the following topics are covered: (1) char- acteristics of PRL, (2) selected features of the PRLR, (3) adipose tissue properties, (4) expression and regulation of adipocyte PRL, and (5) metabolic actions of PRL. 1.2 Characteristics of PRL and Lactogens 1.2.1 General Features of Lactogens Human PRL (hRPL), growth hormone (hGH), and placental lactogen (hPL), com- monly referred to as lactogens, are members of the cytokine superfamily which includes over 20 proteins. Members of this family are defined by two criteria: (1) a tertiary structure of four antiparallel α helices in an up–up–down–down configu- ration (Fig. 1.1), and (2) binding to a nontyrosine kinase, single-pass transmem- brane receptor [1]. Lactogens are made of a single polypeptide chain of 190–200 residues with 2–3 disulfide bridges. hPRL has three disulfide bridges, while hGH and hPL lack the N-terminal disulfide loop. hGH and hPL share 85 % sequence homology, but only 21–22 % homology with hPRL. In spite of the low homology at the primary amino acid sequence, the three-dimensional topology of the three hu- man lactogens enables their binding to the hPRLR, as discussed below. Figure 1.1 also demonstrates that all three lactogens equally stimulate proliferation of Nb2 rat lymphocytes. 1.2.2 The PRL Protein Humans express a single PRL gene, located on chromosome 6. In addition to the pituitary, hPRL is independently and differentially expressed at multiple sites that include the endometrium, myometrium, decidua, immune cells, brain, breast, pros- tate, skin, and adipose tissue [2]. Consequently, even when pituitary PRL release is severely impaired, humans are not deprived of locally produced PRL. As judged
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