Recent advances in disinfection by-products

441 Pages·2015·8.627 MB·English

by  Karanfil, Tanju, Mitch, Bill, Westerhoff, Paul, Xie, Yuefeng

Recent Advances in
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In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
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In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
1190
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Recent Advances in
Disinfection By-Products
Tanju Karanfil, Editor
1 Clemson University
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5 | d Arizona State University
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AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
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w Recentadvancesindisinfectionby-products/TanjuKaranfil,editor,ClemsonUniversity,
0.f Anderson,SouthCarolina[andthreeothers];sponsoredbytheACSDivisionof
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11 EnvironmentalChemistry,Inc.
15- pagescm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1190)
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2 Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
bk- ISBN978-0-8412-3076-7--ISBN978-0-8412-3077-4 1. Disinfectionanddisinfectants.
21/ I.Karanfil,Tanju.II.AmericanChemicalSociety.DivisionofEnvironmentalChemistry.
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In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
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In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
Preface
This book is part of a continuing series of books based on the chlorination
conferences of the 1970s and 1980s and the more recent American Chemical
Society (ACS) symposia on natural organic matter (NOM) and disinfection
by-products(DBPs). Thesebookshavereflectedthestate-of-the-artindisinfection
1 by-products (DBP) research around the world. The current book is based on
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pr a symposium entitled Occurrence, Formation, Health Effects and Control of
90. Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water, held at the 248th National Meeting
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5-1 of the ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, in San Francisco, California,
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0 onAugust10-14, 2014.
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bk- The formation, control, and health effects of DBPs in drinking water are
21/ issues of international concern because of the health effects (e.g., bladder
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0.1 cancerandpotentialadversereproductive-developmentimpacts)associatedwith
1
oi: exposuretocertainDBPs. Asaresult,manycountries,aswellastheWorldHealth
5 | d Organization,haveregulationsand/orguidelinesonacceptableconcentrationsof
1 DBPsinwater.
0
2
4, In recent years, DBP research worldwide has focused on determining
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st the possible adverse health effects of emerging, yet unregulated, DBPs,
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ug specifically halogenated (e.g., iodinated) and non-halogenated nitrogenous (e.g.,
A
b): nitrosamines) DBPs. The breadth of DBP research is very broad from source
e waters (e.g., wastewater, wildfire, seawater intrusion influences) to treatment
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e ( strategies and technologies, followed by distribution system and point of entry
Dat issues (e.g., biofilms, heating, swimming pools), as well as health effects and
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o analyticalmethoddevelopments. Recentresearchishelpingtounderstandfactors
cati controlling formation and to develop a cost-effective control of a wide range of
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DBP toxicity has increased and generated diverse findings, with comparative
toxicity and the molecular mechanisms leading to improved understanding of
theirtoxicitypathwaysandpotentialadversebiologicaleffects.
This book represents the latest research efforts to understanding these
important DBP-related issues. The authors of the chapters in this book are a
multidisciplinary group of scientists and engineers, who are conducting studies
inmanypartsoftheworld. Thechaptersinthisbookaddressbothregulatedand
emerging DBPs and are organized under the sections on DBP toxicology and
health effects, modeling of DBP formation, precursors and reactions involving
nitrosamines, andformationofhalogenatedDBPs. Thisbookwillbeofinterest
to researchers, drinking water utility scientists and engineers, toxicologists,
epidemiologists, and regulators interested in the formation and control of and
exposuretoDBPs.
xi
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
We wish to thank all individuals who served as peer reviewers of our
chaptermanuscripts. WealsowishtogratefullyacknowledgetheWaterResearch
Foundation for their financial assistance in support of the symposium, and the
Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors for their
assistanceindisseminatinginformationonthesymposium.
TanjuKaranfil
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandEarthSciences
ClemsonUniversity
Anderson,SouthCarolina29625
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doi: ArizonaStateUniversity
5 | Tempe,Arizona85287-3005
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xii
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
©2015AmericanChemicalSociety
and nitrogenous-DBPs, 2) quantitative, comparative in vitro
and occurrence of emerging DBPs especially iodinated-DBPs
in resolving adverse health effects of DBPs: 1) identification
fornoveldisinfectionpractices. Wesuggestthefollowingareas
waters that increase health risks and to provide the foundation
required to determine the contaminants in source and drinking
DBPsfollowsadatedparadigm. Anewintegratedapproachis
biologists,epidemiologistsandengineers,resolvingtherisksof
increased interdisciplinary collaborations amongst chemists,
presentindrinkingwater. Althoughthelastdecadeexperienced
by problems with exposure metrics and the suite of DBPs
toxicological analyses. Epidemiological studies are hampered
~80 DBPs have been evaluated by systematic quantitative
1
00 half of the total organic halogen in drinking water and only
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1 are regulated by the U.S. EPA and in many studies these are
1
15- are largely unknown. Of over 600 DBPs identified, only 11
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k-2 adversepregnancyoutcomes,yettheforcingagentsresponsible
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1/ with unfavorable health effects from cancer induction to
2
10 precursorsinthesourcewater. ExposuretoDBPsisassociated
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1 reactions between disinfectants with organic and halide
oi: by-products (DBPs) are the unintended consequence of
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15 | public health achievement of the 20th century. Disinfection
20 The disinfection of drinking water was an outstanding
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MichaelJ.Plewa andElizabethD.Wagner
*
Health Effects of DBPs
Charting a New Path To Resolve the Adverse
Chapter 1
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
4
providethefoundationfornoveldisinfectionpractices.
the contaminants in source and drinking waters that increase health risks and to
follows a dated paradigm. A new integrated approach is required to determine
chemists, biologists, epidemiologists and engineers, resolving the risks of DBPs
the last decade experienced increased interdisciplinary collaborations amongst
of DBPs on the environment and the public health (12, 24–35). Although
engineering processes have resulted in enhanced interest in the adverse impact
Research into the formation, occurrence, toxicity, epidemiology and
inconclusive(20–23).
association with adverse pregnancy outcomes and DBPs; yet, the evidence is
bladder (14–16), colon (17, 18) and rectum (19). Some studies report a weak
disinfecteddrinkingwaterandadversehealtheffects(10)includingcancerofthe
Epidemiologicalresearchdemonstratedlowbutsignificantassociationsbetween
cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic (10).
1
00 EPA currently regulates only 11 agents (10, 13). A large number of DBPs are
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9
1 for comprehensive toxicological analyses. Unfortunately, DBPs represent a
1
15- analytical biologist’s dilemma to choose a DBP class or individual compound
0
k-2 dream in the search to identify all possible DBPs. However, it becomes an
1/b totalnumberofDBPsmayreachover2,000. Thismaybeananalyticalchemist’s
2
0 comparative toxicological analyses (10–12). By extrapolation from TOX, the
1
10. Of this number, approximately 80 have undergone systematic, quantitative,
oi: a fraction of the total organic halogen (TOX) generated in disinfected water.
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5 | have been chemically characterized (9). This number of DBPs represents only
1
20 spectra of chemical classes (5, 6). Since their discovery (7, 8) over 600 DBPs
24, chlorine dioxide, and ozone; each disinfectant generates DBPs with a different
ust (3, 4). The most widely employed disinfectants include chlorine, chloramines,
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Au disinfectanttypeandconcentration,andcontacttimeaffecttheformationofDBPs
b): Factorsincludingtheconcentrationandtypeoforganicmatter,pH,temperature,
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ate ( consequenceistheirreactionwithnaturalorganicmatter(NOM),anthropogenic
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Introduction
researchondisinfectionbasedontoxicoutcomes.
anessentialpartofepidemiologicalstudies,and8)engineering
employmentofanalyticalchemistryandtoxicityinformationas
identification of sensitive subpopulations to DBP toxicity, 7)
understanding the molecular mechanisms of DBP toxicity, 6)
of DBP precursors and mixture effects on water toxicity, 5)
on the toxicity of drinking waters, 4) determining the impact
toxicologyofDBPsandDBPclasses,3)anationwideanalysis
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.
5
the identification of new DBPs was reported. This study clearly demonstrated
thefateandtransportoftheseDBPsinthedistributionsystemwerestudied;and
effectofsourcewaterandtreatmentconditionsonDBPformationwasmeasured;
widevarietyofDBPsindrinkingwatersthroughouttheU.S.wasdetermined;the
methods were developed for measuring the priority DBPs; the occurrence of a
NationwideOccurrenceStudy(36,37). Inthisstudy,novelquantitativeanalytical
In2002theU.S.EPApublishedalandmarkstudycommonlyreferredtoasthe
NationwideDrinkingWaterinVitroToxicitySurvey
formacornerstoneforoptimizingengineeringprocessesforwaterdisinfection.
Theinformationderivedfromthisintegratedinterdisciplinaryapproachmay
1 adversehealthoutcomes.
0
h0 and integration of data with DBP exposure, toxicity, biomarkers and
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1 • DefinitionofthemodesofDBPexposure.
5-
01 • Identificationofsusceptiblehumansubpopulationsbasedonbio-markers.
2
k- molecularmechanismsoftoxicDBPforcingagents.
b
1/ • Identification of selected human biomarkers associated with the
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1 identifiedasforcingagents.
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oi: 1 • Definition of the molecular mechanisms of toxicity for the DBPs
d • Identificationoftheforcingagentsassociatedwiththistoxicity.
15 | samplesexpressingthehighestlevelsoftoxicity.
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4, 2 • Analytical chemical analyses of the DBPs from the surveyed water
st 2 • Anationwidedrinkingwaterinvitrotoxicitysurvey.
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eb): iDnBtePrdriescseipalricnhartyhastciinenclcued.eIsnththeisfoplalopwerinwge. argueforanewpathwayofintegrated
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e ( associatedwithDBPsmaybeaddressedmostefficientlybywellplanned,focused
Dat reuse and desalination? These questions and indeed other crucial questions
on biological and chemical data to optimize engineering processes for wastewater
cati of epidemiological studies on the adverse health effects of DBPs? Can we use
ubli chemistry, analyticalbiologyandexposureassessmenttoenhancetheresolution
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biologicalmechanismsofDBPtoxicity? Canweintegrateresearchinanalytical
epidemiologicalsignificance? Canwepredicthumanhealthrisksifweknowthe
(~70%TOX)?WhataretheimportantDBPclassesorindividualagentsthathave
What are the environmental and public health impacts of unidentified DBPs
questions regarding DBPs. Some of these questions include the following.
controlDBPsindrinkingwater. Yetthefuturedemandsthatweaddresscomplex
risk assessment and epidemiology as well as novel engineering processes to
toxicologyandthemolecularmechanismsofDBPtoxicity,exposureassessment,
published on the formation and identification of emerging DBPs, comparative
DBP research is in many ways unintegrated. High quality work continues to be
Although there has been an increase in interdisciplinary studies, current
Charting a New Pathway for Integrated DBP Research
In Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products; Xie, et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.