Recent Advances in Aerospace Medicine: Proceedings XVIII International Congress of Aviation and Space Medicine Amsterdam 1969

356 Pages·1970·10.68 MB·English

by  C. A. Berry (auth.)

RECENT ADVANCES IN AEROSPACE MEDICINE
RECENT ADVANCES
IN AEROSPACE MEDICINE
PROCEEDINGS XVIII INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF AVIATION AND SPACE MEDICINE
AMSTERDAM 1969
Edited by
DOUGLAS E. BUSBY
Continental Airlines. Los Angeles.
California. U.S.A.
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT-HOLLAND
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-131264
ISB-13: 978-94-010-3319-0 e-1SB-13: 978-94-010-3317-6
DOT: 10.1007/978-94-010-3317-6
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1970 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1970
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
This book is a collection of scientific papers presented at the XVIII International
Congress of Aviation and Space Medicine held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
from 15-18 September 1969. It is dedicated to General E. de Vries and Dr. K. Vaan
drager, President and Vice-President of the Congress, who wished that this unsur
passed exchange of scientific information by distinguished authorities of the inter
national aerospace medical community be made readily available to all as a valuable
source of information. I am deeply grateful to the Congress Committee for honoring
me with this editorship, to the authors for submitting generally excellent manuscripts
and to the publisher for compiling a book of such high quality.
This book contains both Main Theme papers, given by invited lecturers, and
selected Free Communications at the Congress. Main Themes were 'physiology of
atmospheric pressure' (papers by Ernsting, Meijne, Sluijter, Behnke), 'vestibular
problems in aviation medicine' (papers by Melvill Jones, Benson, Oosterveld, Groen,
Guedry and Benson, Brandt, Henriksson and Nilsson), 'aviation and cardiology'
(papers by Blackburn, Wood) and 'space medicine' (paper by Berry). The Free
Communications herein focus on many areas of continuing and timely interest to
clinicians and investigators in aerospace medicine. Selection and health maintenance
of pilots, medical problems in airline passengers, use of the centrifuge as a therapeutic
device, and circadian rhythm effects on man's psychophysiological state receive
particular attention.
Although the diversity of collected papers in aerospace medicine presents problems
in arrangement for both broad and reference reading, the papers in this book fit well
into sections dealing with man in the exploration of space, clinical aviation medicine,
and man's responses to the various stresses imposed by the aerospace environment.
D. E. BUSBY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE v
SECTION 1/ MAN IN THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE
BERR Y, C. A. / Summary of Medical Experience in the Apollo 7 through 11
Manned Spaceflights 3
KAKURIN, L. I., SHADRINTSEV, I. S., and ZERENIN, A. G. / Physiological In-
formation Monitoring Techniques for the Soyuz Spacecraft 42
KRUPINA, T. N., MATSNEV, E. I., YAKOVLEVA, I. Ya., VYTCHIKOVA, M. A.,
and LEVANOV, v. Ya. / Peculiarities of Responses of the Acoustic Analyzer
of Man Exposed to Prolonged Noise Effects During a Year-Long Medico-
Engineering Experiment 45
SCHWARTZ, A. W. / Exobiology 48
SECTION II / CLINICAL AVIATION MEDICINE
BLACKBURN, H. / Coronary Risk Factors and Prevention 55
CARRE, R., RICHAR T, J. C., SAL VA G NIAC, J., et PLAS, F. / Expertise cardiolo-
gique et personnel navigant: ses principales difficultes 68
CARRE, R., RICHAR T, J. C., SALVAGNIAC, J., et PLAS, F. / Syndrome de Wolff-
Parkinson et White et aptitude au personnel navigant 75
RIJLANT, P., RUTTKAY-NEDECKY, I., CERNOHORSKY, J., and ALLARD, A. /
Norms for Quantitative Vectorcardiography with Special Emphasis on the
Medical Evaluation of Flying Personnel 80
HELAM, B. L., PITSCHUGIN, I. M., STRONGIN, G. L., KUZNETSOVA, L. I., and
SHISHOVA, A. A. / The Diagnostics of Early Forms of Atherosclerosis and La-
tent Coronary Insufficiency in Flight Crews 90
BENNETT, G. and O'CONNER, P. J. / Medical Wastage of Military and Civil
Aircrew in Great Britain 1963-68 93
PESQUIES, P., PINGANNA UD, P. M., NATHIE, J., et BORSARELLO, J. / Les
a
malaises en vol dans l'armee de l'air franc;:aise: etude analytique de 1961 1968 100
GARTMANN, H. / Selection of Airline Transport Pilots: Psychiatric and Psycho-
logical Approach 106
PASQUET, J. et LAVERNHE, J. / A propos des recommandations de l'O.A.C.I.
sur les normes auditives du personnel navigant technique 113
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
HARPER, C. R., KIDERA, G. J., and CULLEN, J. F. / A Study of Simulated Air-
line Pilot Incapacitation. Phase I: Obvious and Maximal Loss of Function 116
HOOGENDOORN, J. and MOSSEL, D. A. A. / Prevention of Food-Borne Diseases
in Civil Aviation 123
SCHOCKEN, v. and LEDERER, L. G. / Unscheduled Landings for Medical Rea-
sons: A Five-year Survey of the Experience at American Airlines 126
REIGHARD, H. L. / U.S. Aircraft Hijackings - Epidemiological Considerations 130
BULEY, L. E. / Experience with a Physiologically-Based Formula for Deter-
mining Rest Periods on Long-Distance Air Travel 135
SNYDER, J. / Hypnotics and Jet-Age Travel 142
BLANC, C. J. et DIGO, R. J. / Psychotherapies et chimiotherapies en medecine
aeronautique 146
DELAHAYE, R. P., GUEFFIER, G., SERIS, H., et AUFFRET, R. / La part de la
radiologie dans l'enquete medicale apres ejection des pilotes militaires
d'avions it reaction 150
PELLIGRA, R., STEIN, S., MARKHAM, J., LIPPE, P., NOYES, J., DICKSON, J.,
and SKRETTINGLAND, K. / The Centrifuge as a Therapeutic Device 158
DOESSCHA TE, J. TEN, HOPPENBROUWERS, R., and LANSBERG, M. P. / Selec-
tive g-Force Application in the Treatment of Retinal Detachment 169
SECTION 111/ MAN IN HIS GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT
ERNSTING, J. / Decompression Sickness in Aviation 177
MEIJNE, N. G. / Decompression Sickness and the Cardiovascular System 188
GAUME, J. G. / Factors Influencing the Time of Safe Unconsciousness (TSU) for
Commercial Jet Passengers Following Cabin Decompression 198
SLUIJTER, M. E. / Gas Exchange at Low Ambient Pressure 204
BEHNKE, A. R. / Oxygen Tolerances and Adverse Reactions 208
GLAISTER, D. H. / Oscillations in Expiratory Gas Flow During Performance of
Forced Vital Capacity 226
SECTION IV / MAN IN HIS KINETIC ENVIRONMENT
MELVILL JONES, G. / Dynamic Cross-Coupling in the Semicircular Canals 235
BENSON, A. J. / Interactions between Semicircular Canals and Gravireceptors 249
OOSTERVELD, w. J. / The Threshold Value for Stimulation of the Horizontal
Semicircular Canals 262
GROEN, J. J. / Central Regulation of Vestibular Function 269
GUEDR Y, JR., F. E. and BENSON, A. J. / Tracking Performance During Sinusoidal
Stimulation of the Vertical and Horizontal Semicircular Canals 276
BRANDT, U. / Un nouveau test de des orientation spatiale avec quelques resul-
tats concernant Ie role des otolithes dans Ie mecanisme de reorientation 289
HENRIKSSON, N. G. and NILSSON, A. / Importance of Labyrinthine and Other
Sensory Information for Normal Driving 301
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
WOOD, E. H. / Studies of Effects of Variations in the Direction and Magnitude
of the Gravitational-Inertial Force Environment on the Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems 309
DEMANGE, J. M. R. / Effets des accelerations positives prolongees (+ 3 Gz) sur
les variations du debit cardiaque humain. (Mesure par plethysmographie
electrique aortique transthoracique: influence du vetement anti-G) 315
AUFFRET, R., SERIS, H., DEMANGE, J., et DELAHAYE, R. P. / Resistance du
corps humain aux accelerations elevees de courte duree: effets mecaniques et
hemo-dynamiques 319
DEBIJADJI, R., PEROVIC, L., and VARAGIC, v. / The Effect of Supersonic
Flying on the Urinary Catecholamine Excretion in Pilots 323
SECTION V / MAN IN HIS THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
COLIN, 1., BOUTELIER, C., et TIMBAL, J. / Tolerance al a chaleur dans Ie cas de
panne de la climatisation sur avion de transport supersonique 331
TIMBAL, J., COLIN, J., et BOUTELIER, C. / Influence de l'altitude sur les echanges
thermiques de l'homme 337
SECTION VI/MAN IN HIS TEMPORAL ENVIRONMENT
ASCHOFF, J. C., GIEDKE, G., and POPPEL, H. / Circadian Periodicity of Reac-
tion-Times 343
VAN ZOEREN, M., PANNEKOEK, L., and THIJSSEN, T. H. H. / Circadian Rhythm
and Performance 348
STRENGERS, T. / The Urinary Excretion of Hormonal Metabolites Before,
During and After Intercontinental Flights 353
GERRITZEN, F. / Methods for the Study of the Behaviour of Human Circadian
Rhythms in Kidney Function Before, During and After Global Flights 356
SECTION I
MAN IN THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE
SUMMARY OF MEDICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE APOLLO 7
THROUGH 11 MANNED SPACEFLIGHTS
C. A. BERRY
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex., U.S.A.
1. Introduction
The goal of the Apollo Program was to land men on the Moon and return them
safely to Earth. This goal was achieved in the Apollo 11 mission, with two astronauts
stepping onto the lunar soil on July 20, 1969. A number of similar missions for further
exploration of the Moon are planned.
The Apollo Program was a series of unmanned and manned spaceflights in both
earth and lunar orbits, first to check out the operational safety of spacecraft compo
nents, and then to land on the Moon. Apollo manned spaceflights, summarized in
Table I, gave a spaceflight experience of 3105 man-hours, including extravehicular
lunar surface times of 2 hr, 14 min for astronaut Armstrong and 1 hr, 42 min for
astronaut Aldrin. The total American spaceflight experience, including 54 man-hours
in the Mercury Program and 1939 man-hours in the Gemini Program, is now 5098
man-hours.
Medical information gained especially in the Gemini Program (Gooch and Berry,
1969) was utilized extensively in planning the medical support and investigations
(Graybiel et al., 1967) conducted during the Apollo manned spaceflights (Berry and
Catterson, 1967). Such significant biomedical observations in the Gemini Program as
high energy cost of extravehicular activity, cardiovascular deconditioning, diminished
exercise capacity and loss of red cell mass (Anon, 1966; Berry et aI., 1966; Fischer
et al., 1967; Kelly and Coons, 1967) had to receive thorough consideration, particularly
with respect to their possible effect on astronaut performance during proposed lunar
surface activity (Berry, 1968). Although the contribution of confinement per se to the
deteriorative physiologic changes observed after flights of long duration in the small
Mercury and Gemini spacecraft cabins could not be determined, it was thought that
the freedom of movement and exercising allowed in the Apollo spacecraft would
maintain the astronauts in optimum physical condition for the duration of the
Apollo 11 mission.
2. Medical Objectives for Apollo Program
The following medical objectives were established for the Apollo Program:
(1) Assurance of crew safety.
(2) Assurance of mission completion and those activities contributing to mission
management.
(3) Prevention of back contamination of the earth's biosphere.
D. E. Busby (ed.). Recent Advances in Aerospace Medicine. 3-41. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 1970 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Dordrecht-Holland.
4 C.A.BERRY
TABLE I
Apollo manned spaceflights
Flight
Flights Astronauts Launch dates Descriptions durations
(hr: min: sec)
Apollo 7 Schirra Oct. 11, 1968 Earth orbital checkout of the command 260:09:45
Eisele and service modules (CSM)
Cunningham
Apollo 8 Borman Dec. 21, 1968 First lunar orbit (10 orbits) flight for 147:00:11
Lovell checkout of the CSM at lunar
Anders distance
Apollo 9 McDivitt Mar. 3, 1969 First manned earth-orbital checkout 241:00:54
Scott of the lunar module (LM), CSMjLM
Schweikart rendezvous, and extravehicular
activity (EYA )
Apollo 10 Stafford May 18,1969 First lunar orbit rendezvous and 192:03:23
Young low pass over lunar surface
Ceman
Apollo 11 Armstrong July 16, 1969 First lunar landing and EYA on the 195:18:35
Collins lunar surface
Aldrin
(4) Continuance of the understanding of the biomedical changes incident to
manned spaceflight.
To meet these objectives it was necessary to prepare a medical requirements
document detailing a pre- and postflight medical evaluation program which would
provide information to assure capability for the proper support of lunar landing. This
program (Berry, 1967) was particularly important for the reason that all inflight medical
and other experiments in the Apollo program were deleted after the fatal spacecraft
fire in order to concentrate on the operational complexity of the Apollo missions.
Areas of concern in planning the lunar mission have been summarized (Berry, 1969a).
Comparison of biomedical data obtained in the Gemini Program with that from
Apollo missions prior to the lunar mission was vital to predicting the physiologic
state of the astronauts at the time oflunar surface activity (Berry, 1969; Berry and
Catterson, 1967). The provision of a microbial baseline for lunar quarantine operations
and the further documentation of spaceflight effects on man were also valuable
objectives.
The medical procedures conducted were developed by a multidisciplinary team in
the Medical Research and Operations Directorate of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston, Texas (Berry, 1969b).
In addition to detailed physical examinations, exhaustive studies were performed in
the areas of hematology, immunology, biochemistry, bone densitometry, cardio
vascular functions, exercise capacity and microbiology. These evaluations were