Reasoning Web. Reasoning on the Web in the Big Data Era: 10th International Summer School 2014, Athens, Greece, September 8-13, 2014. Proceedings PDF
Preview Reasoning Web. Reasoning on the Web in the Big Data Era: 10th International Summer School 2014, Athens, Greece, September 8-13, 2014. Proceedings
Manolis Koubarakis Giorgos Stamou Giorgos Stoilos Ian Horrocks Phokion Kolaitis Georg Lausen Gerhard Weikum (Eds.) l a i r o t u T Reasoning Web 4 1 7 8 S Reasoning on the Web C N in the Big Data Era L 10th International Summer School 2014 Athens, Greece, September 8–13, 2014 Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8714 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Germany DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany Manolis Koubarakis Giorgos Stamou Giorgos Stoilos Ian Horrocks Phokion Kolaitis Georg Lausen Gerhard Weikum (Eds.) Reasoning Web Reasoning on the Web in the Big Data Era 10th International Summer School 2014 Athens, Greece, September 8-13, 2014 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors ManolisKoubarakis NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Greece E-mail:[email protected] GiorgosStamou GiorgosStoilos NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Zografou,Greece E-mail:[email protected];[email protected] IanHorrocks UniversityofOxford,UK E-mail:[email protected] PhokionKolaitis UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,CA,USA E-mail:[email protected] GeorgLausen UniversityofFreiburg,Germany E-mail:[email protected] GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbrücken,Germany E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-319-10586-4 e-ISBN978-3-319-10587-1 DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10587-1 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014946916 LNCSSublibrary:SL3–InformationSystemsandApplication, incl.Internet/WebandHCI ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation, inistcurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforuse maybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsor omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothe materialcontainedherein. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisvolumecontainstutorialpaperspreparedforthe10thReasoningWebSum- mer School (RW 2014) held during September 8–13, 2014, in Athens, Greece. The Reasoning Web series of annual summer schools started in 2005 by the EuropeanNetworkofExcellenceREWERSE.Since2005,theschoolhasbecome the prime educational event in the field of reasoningtechniques onthe Web, at- tracting both young and established researchers.The 2014 edition of the school was organized by the Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Na- tional and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Prof. Manolis Koubarakis) and the Institute for Communication and Computer Systems of the National Tech- nical University of Athens (Prof. Giorgos Stamou and Dr. Giorgos Stoilos). As with previous editions, this year’s summer school was co-located with the 8th International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR 2014). The research area of the Semantic Web and Linked Data has been covered comprehensively by recent editions of the Reasoning Web Summer School since many advanced capabilities required by Semantic Web and Linked Data appli- cation scenarios call for reasoning. In 2014, the theme of the school was: “Reasoning on the Web in the Big Data Era.” Theinventionofnewtechnologiessuchassensors,socialnetworksplatforms, and smart phones has enabled organizationsto tap a huge amount of data that traditionally has not been available to them, and to combine it with in-house proprietary data. At the same time, enabling technologies (e.g., elastic cloud computing platforms) have made strong progress enabling the implementation ofdatamanagementandknowledgediscoverytechniquesthatworkonterabytes or petabytes of data. In 2014, the lecture programof the Reasoning Web school reflected this industrial reality, and introduced students to recent advances in Big Data aspects of Semantic Web and Linked Data, and the fundamentals of reasoning techniques that can be used to tackle Big Data applications. The tutorial papers are in-depth surveys of the research topics covered in lectures by the distinguished invited speakers of the school. They have been written as accompanying material for the students of the summer school, to deepentheirunderstandingandtoserveasareferenceforfurtherdetailedstudy. The accompanying lecture slides of all tutorials are available on the summer school web-site: http://rw2014.di.uoa.gr/. We would like to thank everybody who made this event possible. First and foremost,thepresentersofthelecturesandtheirco-authors.Secondly,themem- bers of our scientific advisory board (Profs. Ian Horrocks, Phokion Kolaitis, Georg Lausen, and Gerhard Weikum) and our reviewers. We are thankful for their advice and feedback and their timely reviews of the papers. Furthermore, wewouldliketothankthelocalorganizationteamattheNationalandKapodis- trian University of Athens and the Institute for Communication and Computer VI Preface Systems, especially Kalliroi Dogani, Maria Karpathiotaki, Lydia Themeli, and Eleni Iskou.We wouldalsolike to thank oursponsors:the Artificial Intelligence journal, the European project Optique (http://www.optique-project.eu/), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (Inria), the Hellenic Artificial Intelligence Soci- ety (EETN), ORACLE Greece, Siemens, and Google Inc. Last but not least, we would like to thank the chairs of RR 2014, Prof. Axel Polleres, Dr. Roman Kontchakov, Prof. Marie-Laure Mugnier, and Prof. Francesco Ricca for a great collaboration in putting together all the details of the two events. June 2014 Manolis Koubarakis Giorgos Stamou Giorgos Stoilos Organization Organizing Chairs Manolis Koubarakis National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Giorgos Stamou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Giorgos Stoilos National Technical University of Athens, Greece Scientific Advisory Board Ian Horrocks University of Oxford, UK Phokion Kolaitis University of California, Santa Cruz, USA Georg Lausen University of Freiburg, Germany Gerhard Weikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Germany Website Administrators Kalliroi Dogani National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Maria Karpathiotaki National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Local Organization Lydia Themeli National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Eleni Iskou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Additional Reviewers Giannakopoulou, Asimina Tsalapati, Eleni Trivela, Despoina VIII Organization Sponsors Table of Contents Linked Open Data Introduction to Linked Data and Its Lifecycle on the Web............. 1 Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, S¨oren Auer, Jens Lehmann, and Amrapali Zaveri An Introduction to Question Answering over Linked Data............. 100 Christina Unger, Andr´e Freitas, and Philipp Cimiano RDF and Graph Databases Query Processing for RDF Databases............................... 141 Zoi Kaoudi and Anastasios Kementsietsidis Introduction to Graph Databases .................................. 171 Josep Llu´ıs Larriba-Pey, Norbert Mart´ınez-Baz´an, and David Dom´ınguez-Sal Description Logic Based Ontologies An Introduction to Description Logics and Query Rewriting........... 195 Roman Kontchakov and Michael Zakharyaschev An Introduction to Ontology-BasedQuery Answering with Existential Rules........................................................... 245 Marie-Laure Mugnier and Micha¨el Thomazo Ontology Based Data Access on Temporal and Streaming Data ........ 279 O¨zgu¨r Lu¨tfu¨ O¨z¸cep and Ralf M¨oller Applications Querying and Learning in Probabilistic Databases.................... 313 Maximilian Dylla, Martin Theobald, and Iris Miliaraki Semantic and Reasoning Systems for Cities and Citizens .............. 369 Spyros Kotoulas Author Index.................................................. 389 Introduction to Linked Data and Its Lifecycle on the Web Axel-CyrilleNgongaNgomo,SörenAuer,JensLehmann,andAmrapaliZaveri AKSW,InstitutfürInformatik,UniversitätLeipzig,Pf100920,04009Leipzig [email protected] http://aksw.org Abstract. WithLinkedData,averypragmaticapproachtowardsachievingthe visionoftheSemanticWebhasgainedsometractioninthelastyears.Theterm LinkedDatareferstoasetofbestpracticesforpublishingandinterlinkingstruc- tureddataontheWeb.Whilemanystandards,methodsandtechnologiesdevel- oped within by the Semantic Web community are applicable for Linked Data, there are also a number of specific characteristics of Linked Data, which have tobeconsidered.InthisarticleweintroducethemainconceptsofLinkedData. WepresentanoverviewoftheLinkedDatalife-cycleanddiscussindividualap- proachesaswellasthestate-of-the-artwithregardtoextraction,authoring,link- ing,enrichmentaswellasqualityofLinkedData.Weconcludethechapterwitha discussionofissues,limitationsandfurtherresearchanddevelopmentchallenges of Linked Data. Thisarticleis an updated version of a similar lecture given at ReasoningWebSummerSchool2013. 1 Introduction Oneofthebiggestchallengesintheareaofintelligentinformationmanagementisthe exploitationoftheWebasaplatformfordataandinformationintegrationaswellasfor searchandquerying.JustaswepublishunstructuredtextualinformationontheWebas HTMLpagesandsearchsuchinformationbyusingkeyword-basedsearchengines,we arealreadyabletoeasilypublishstructuredinformation,reliablyinterlinkthisinforma- tionwithotherdatapublishedontheWebandsearchtheresultingdataspacebyusing moreexpressivequeryingbeyondsimplekeywordsearches.TheLinkedDataparadigm has evolved as a powerfulenabler for the transition of the currentdocument-oriented Web intoa Web ofinterlinkedData and,ultimately,into theSemanticWeb. Theterm LinkedData herereferstoa setofbestpracticesforpublishingandconnectingstruc- tureddataontheWeb.Thesebestpracticeshavebeenadoptedbyanincreasingnumber ofdataprovidersoverthepastthreeyears,leadingtothecreationofaglobaldataspace thatcontainsmanybillionsofassertions–theWebofLinkedData(cf.Figure1). In this chapter we give an overview of recent development in the area of Linked Datamanagement.Thedifferentstagesinthelinkeddatalife-cycle[11]aredepictedin Figure2.Informationrepresentedinunstructuredformoradheringtootherstructured orsemi-structuredrepresentationformalismsmustbe mappedto theRDF datamodel (Extraction).OncethereisacriticalmassofRDFdata,mechanismshavetobeinplace to store, indexand querythis RDF data efficiently(Storage& Querying).Users must M.Koubarakisetal.(Eds.):ReasoningWeb2014,LNCS8714,pp.1–99,2014. (cid:2)c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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