Reasonable Accommodation and Sheltered Workshops for People with Disabilities

240 Pages·2015·5.31 MB·English

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES
POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY
Reasonable Accommodation and
Sheltered Workshops for People with
Disabilities: Costs and Returns
of Investments
STUDY
Abstract
This Policy Department A study aims to provide the Employment and Social
Affairs Committee (EMPL) with an overview of developments on costs and
returns of investments for reasonable accommodation, sheltered workshops and
labour policies for people with disabilities together with an economic analysis of
selected measures.
IP/A/EMPL/2013-03 January 2015
PE 536.295 EN
This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and
Social Affairs.
AUTHORS
Ms Jacqueline MALLENDER (Optimity Matrix)
Mr Quentin LIGER (Optimity Matrix)
Mr Rory TIERNEY (Optimity Matrix)
Mr Daniel BERESFORD (Optimity Matrix)
Mr James EAGER (Optimity Matrix)
Dr Stefan SPECKESSER (IES)
Dr Vahé NAFILYAN (IES)
RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATORS
Ms Laurence SMAJDA
Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy
European Parliament
B-1047 Brussels
E-mail: [email protected]
LINGUISTIC VERSIONS
Original: EN
ABOUT THE EDITOR
To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to:
[email protected]
H
Manuscript completed in January 2015.
Brussels, © European Union, 2015.
This document is available on the Internet at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies
DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do
not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.
Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the
source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
Reasonable Accommodation and Sheltered Workshops for People with Disabilities: Costsand Returns of Investments
CONTENTS
LIST OF BOXES 7
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF TABLES 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
1. BACKGROUND 14
1.1. Policy context 14
1.2. Legal framework 16
1.3. Typology of interventions and definitions 18
2. SHELTERED WORKSHOPS 21
2.1. Definitions 21
2.2. Legal framework of sheltered workshops in the EU 22
2.3. Types of sheltered workshops in the EU 23
2.4. Trends in sheltered employment 29
2.5. Rehabilitation and vocational education and training 30
2.6. Conclusions 31
3. REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION 33
3.1. Definitions 33
3.2. Legislation at EU level 34
3.3. Reasonable accommodation in the UNCRPD 35
3.4. Types of reasonable accommodation 36
3.5. Legislation and policy at Member States level 37
3.6. Funding and provision of reasonable accommodation 45
3.7. Necessary and appropriate adaptations 46
3.8. Individual needs 50
3.9. Disproportionate burden 51
3.10.Conclusions 53
4. ALTERNATIVE LABOUR MARKET SERVICES 55
4.1. Definitions 55
4.2. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) 57
4.3. Passive labour market policies (PLMPs) 63
4.4. Specific labour market measures 65
4.5. General labour market measures 68
4.6. Conclusion 70
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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy
5. UNIVERSAL DESIGN 72
5.1. Definitions 72
5.2. Legislative and policy context 73
5.3. Universal Design in the Member States 75
5.4. Universal Design legislation and programmes 77
5.5. Universal Design and the built environment 78
5.6. Conclusion 80
6. EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND 81
6.1. Overview 82
6.2. Access to employment & social integration 84
6.3. Conclusion 90
7. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 92
7.1. General conclusions 92
7.2. Sheltered workshops 94
7.3. Reasonable accommodation and Universal Design 97
7.4. Alternative labour market services 99
7.5. European Social Fund 101
7.6. Policy recommendations 102
8. APPENDIX 1 - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 104
8.1. Methodology 104
8.2. Impact analysis of the Act to Combat Unemployment amongst Severely
Disabled People in Germany 108
8.3. Impact analysis of the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act in the UK 119
8.4. Civitan sheltered workshop in Budapest, Hungary - CBA 129
8.5. ‘Towards Work’ in Lithuania - CBA 134
8.6. Supported employment in the US 141
8.7. IPS Supported Placements 144
9. APPENDIX 2 - COUNTRY REPORTS 149
9.1. Belgium 149
9.2. Germany 161
9.3. Hungary 177
9.4. Spain 193
9.5. Sweden 203
9.6. United Kingdom 217
REFERENCES 227
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Reasonable Accommodation and Sheltered Workshops for People with Disabilities: Costsand Returns of Investments
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ALMP Active Labour Market Policy
ANED Academic Network of European Disability
AWPIH Agence Wallonne pour l’Emploi de Personnes Handicapées
BCR Benefit-Cost Ratio
BHPS British Household Panel Survey
CAD Computer-Assisted Design
CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis
CEN European Committee for Standardisation
CENELEC European Committee for Electronic Standardisation
DAC Disability Access Certificate
DALD Day-to-Day Limitation Disability
DDA Disability Discrimination Act
EASPD European Association of Service Providers for Persons with
Disabilities
EDeAN European Design for All e-Accessibility Network
EDF European Disability Forum
ESA Employment and Support Allowance
ESAT Etablissement et Services d’Aide par le Travail
ESF European Social Fund
EU European Union
EUSE European Union of Supported Employment
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GVA Gross Value Added
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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy
HUF Hungarian Forint
IES Institute for Employment Studies
IGOS Interest Group on Occupational Services
ILO International Labour Organisation
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PES Public Employment Services
PFRON Polish State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled People
PLMP Passive Labour Market Policy
PWD People with Disabilities
RA Reasonable Accommodation
SEK Swedish Krona
SGB German Social Code
SROI Social Return on Investment Analysis
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
UN United Nations
UNCRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
UPIAS Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation
VET Vocational Education and Training
WAI Web Accessibility Initiative
WEAG Workplace Equipment Adaptation Grant
WHO World Health Organization
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Reasonable Accommodation and Sheltered Workshops for People with Disabilities: Costsand Returns of Investments
LIST OF BOXES
Box 1: Cost-benefit analysis of a sheltered workshop in Hungary 28
Box 2: Remploy 29
Box 3: Rehabilitation and VET measures in Poland and Germany 30
Box 4: Universal Design definition 73
Box 5: Best practice examples – General 93
Box 6: Best practice example – Sheltered workshops 96
Box 7: Best practice examples – Reasonable accomodation and Universal
design 99
Box 8: Best practice example – Alternative labour market services 101
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Public expenditure on labour market policy measures
(categories 2, 4, 5, 6, 7) across the EU in year 2009 (% of total) 58
Figure 2: Expenditure (EUR million) on supported employment and rehabilitation
(Labour market policy 5) in 20 Member States 59
Figure 3: Percentage of total expenditure in 2012 on labour market policy
measures (categories 2-7) spent on category 5 ‘supported employment
and rehabilitation’ 60
Figure 4: Percentage of working-age population (20-64) receiving disability
benefits in EU Member States with OECD average (most recent data) 64
Figure 5: Proportion of total ESF budget pledged to priority axes that are relevant
to the disabled population 83
Figure 6: Percentage of all ESF 2007-2013 project participants that are disabled 84
Figure 7: Percentage of all access to employment project participants that are
disabled – ESF period 2007-2013 85
Figure 8: Percentage of measure recipients achieving an employment result in 19
Member States 2007-2010 87
Figure 9: Percentage of all social inclusion project participants that are disabled –
ESF period 2007-2013 88
Figure 10: Decision tree structure for case study cost-benefit analysis 107
Figure 11: Labour market status of disabled and non-disabled people, Germany
1998-2011 110
Figure 12: Economic case study 1 - Test of the Difference-in-Difference Common
Trends Assumption for Employment and Unemployment Rates
in Germany 115
Figure 13: Economic case study 2 - Number of working age DDA disabled people
in the UK (1997-2012) 121
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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy
Figure 14: Economic case study 2 - Share of disabled people in the UK working-
age population 1991-2002 121
Figure 15: Economic case study 2 - Employment rates of disabled and
non-disabled people in the UK 1991-2002 122
Figure 16: Economic case study 2 - Testing the common trend assumption
1991-2002 125
Figure 17: Economic case study 4 - ‘Towards Work’, Sensitivity analysis 141
Figure 18: Economic case study 6 - Trial profile – IPS – EQOLISE 146
Figure 19: The number of people with disabilities participating in vocational training
at AWIPH between 2008 and 2012 156
Figure 20: Employment rates of people with and without disabilities disaggregated
by gender and age. 163
Figure 21: Number of disabled individuals employed in sheltered workshops
(left axis) and through integration projects (right axis) 2007-2010. 167
Figure 22: The employment rate in the Hungarian population for people with and
without disabilities. 179
Figure 23: The use and requirements of people with disabilities in employment
regarding reasonable accommodation measures in Hungary 185
Figure 24: Number of disabled applicants to Samhill and the number of transition
applicants from Samhall to non-subsidised employment (2008-2012) 209
Figure 25: Proportion of participants in projects for people with functional
disabilities according to level of education. 215
Figure 26: Number of people with disabilities who started and completed ESF-
funded activities under Priority 2 (developing a skilled and adaptable
workforce) in the period 2008–2012 225
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Main objectives regarding employment outlined by the European
Disability Strategy 2010-2020 18
Table 2: Characteristics of sheltered workshops in Member States covered by
this study (2012) 23
Table 3: Typology of sheltered employment programmes 25
Table 4: The status of Member States with regard to the UNCRPD and its
corresponding Optional Protocol 36
Table 5: Types of reasonable accommodation 37
Table 6: Reasonable accommodation and public employment services in the
Member States 39
Table 7: Examples of the provision of reasonable accommodation across the EU 47
Table 8: Examples of organisations that provide and fund reasonable
accommodations across the EU 49
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