Real Analog

688 Pages·2017·6.82 MB·English

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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Pullman, WA 99163
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals ............................................................................ 39
1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives ............................................................................ 39
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ....................................................... 39
1.1 Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions ............................................................. 40
1.1.1 Electrical Charge ..................................................................................................... 40
1.1.2 Voltage .................................................................................................................... 40
1.1.3 Current .................................................................................................................... 41
1.1.4 Power ...................................................................................................................... 41
1.1.5 International System of Units and Prefixes ............................................................ 41
1.1.6 Passive Sign Convention ......................................................................................... 42
Example 1.1: .......................................................................................................................... 42
Example 1.2: .......................................................................................................................... 43
Example 1.3: .......................................................................................................................... 43
1.1.7 Voltage Subscript and Sign Conventions ................................................................ 44
1.1.8 Reference Voltages and Ground ............................................................................. 44
Example 1.4: .......................................................................................................................... 44
1.1.9 Power and Sign Conventions .................................................................................. 45
Example 1.5: .......................................................................................................................... 45
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 45
1.1 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 46
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

1.2 Power Sources ................................................................................................................ 47
1.2.1 Independent Voltage Sources ................................................................................. 47
1.2.2 Independent Current Sources ................................................................................. 48
1.2.3 Dependent Sources ................................................................................................. 48
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 50
1.2 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 50
1.3 Resistors and Ohm’s Law ............................................................................................... 50
1.3.1 Conductance ........................................................................................................... 52
1.3.2 Power Dissipation ................................................................................................... 52
1.3.3 Practical Resistors ................................................................................................... 52
Example 1.6: .......................................................................................................................... 54
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 54
1.3 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 54
1.4 Kirchhoff's Laws .............................................................................................................. 55
1.4.1 Nodes ...................................................................................................................... 55
Example 1.7 ........................................................................................................................... 55
1.4.2 Loops ....................................................................................................................... 56
Example 1.8 ........................................................................................................................... 56
1.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law .......................................................................................... 56
Example 1.9: .......................................................................................................................... 57
Example 1.10: ........................................................................................................................ 57
1.4.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law .......................................................................................... 58
Example 1.11: ........................................................................................................................ 59
Application Examples: Solving for Circuit Element Variables ............................................... 60
Example 1.12: ........................................................................................................................ 60
Example 1.13: ........................................................................................................................ 61
Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 62
1.4 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter Summary: .................................................................................................................... 62
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 64
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

1.1: Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits, and Short-circuits ............................................... 64
Symbol Key ............................................................................................................................ 64
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 64
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 64
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 65
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 67
1.1: Breadboards and Ohmmeters (20 points total) ................................................................ 67
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 68
1.2.1: Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters ............................................ 68
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 68
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 68
Notes: .................................................................................................................................... 69
Note: ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 69
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 70
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 71
1.2.1: Power Supplies, Voltmeters, Ammeters (25 points total) .............................................. 71
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 73
1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs.................................................................................. 73
Overview: .............................................................................................................................. 73
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 73
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 73
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 74
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 74
Appendix A: Waveform Generator to Apply Constant Voltages .............................................. 76
Important notes relative to the Enabled/Disabled button: .................................................. 77
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 78
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) ....................................................... 78
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 79
1.3.1: Resistors and Ohms Law – Resistance Variations ........................................................... 79
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 79
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 79
Important Note: .................................................................................................................... 79
Related information: ............................................................................................................. 80
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 80
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 80
Appendix A: Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................... 80
Mean value: .......................................................................................................................... 80
Median value: ....................................................................................................................... 80
Standard deviation: ............................................................................................................... 80
MATLAB syntax: .................................................................................................................... 81
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 82
1.3.1: Resistance Variations (20 points total) ........................................................................... 82
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 83
1.3.2: Resistors and Ohms Law – Voltage-Current Characteristics .......................................... 83
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 83
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 83
Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 84
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 84
Related information: ............................................................................................................. 85
Post-lab Exercises:................................................................................................................. 85
Appendix A: Linear Regression: ................................................................................................ 85
Least-squares curve fitting: ................................................................................................... 85
Using MATLAB for least squares curve fitting: ..................................................................... 86
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 88
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

1.3.2: Resistance from Measured Current-voltage Data (25 points total) ............................... 88
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 89
1.4.1: Dusk-to-Dawn Light ........................................................................................................ 89
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 89
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 89
Diodes and LEDs: ................................................................................................................... 90
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): ...................................................................................... 91
Photocell: .............................................................................................................................. 91
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 92
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 92
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ................................................................................... 93
1.4.1: Dusk-to-dawn Light (20 points total) .............................................................................. 93
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 94
1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation ............................................................................. 94
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 94
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 94
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 95
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 95
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 96
1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation (20 points total) .................................................. 96
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 97
1.4.3: Input Resistance .............................................................................................................. 97
Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 97
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 97
Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 98
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 98
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 99
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

1.4.3: Circuit Input Resistance (25 points total) ....................................................................... 99
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 100
1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 100
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 100
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 100
Related Material: ................................................................................................................ 101
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 102
Note on the design process: ............................................................................................... 102
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 102
Post-Lab Exercises: .............................................................................................................. 103
1.4.4 Background Information: Resistive Temperature Sensors ....................................... 103
Resistive Temperature Detectors: ...................................................................................... 104
RTD Signal Conditioning: ..................................................................................................... 105
Thermistors: ........................................................................................................................ 105
Thermistor Signal Conditioning: ......................................................................................... 106
Issues associated with resistive temperature measurement: ............................................ 106
Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 107
1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System (40 points total) .................................................. 107
Real Analog Chapter 1: Homework .................................................................................... 109
Chapter 2: Circuit Reduction .............................................................................................. 115
2 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 115
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 115
2.1 Series Circuit Elements and Voltage Division ............................................................... 115
2.1.1 Series Connections ................................................................................................ 116
2.1.2 Voltage Division .................................................................................................... 117
Example 2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 118
Section Summary: ............................................................................................................... 118
2.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 119
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

2.2 Parallel Circuit Elements and Current Division ............................................................ 119
2.2.1 Current Division .................................................................................................... 120
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 121
2.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 122
2.3 Circuit Reduction and Analysis ..................................................................................... 122
Example 2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 123
Example 2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 123
Example 2.4 ......................................................................................................................... 124
Example 2.5: Wheatstone Bridge ....................................................................................... 125
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 126
2.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 126
2.4 Non-ideal Power Supplies ............................................................................................ 126
2.4.1 Non-ideal Voltage Sources .................................................................................... 126
Example 2.6 ......................................................................................................................... 127
Example 2.7: Charging a Battery ......................................................................................... 127
2.4.2 Non-ideal Current Sources .................................................................................... 128
Example 2.8 ......................................................................................................................... 129
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 130
2.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 130
2.5 Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .............................................................. 130
2.5.1 Voltmeter and Ammeter Models .......................................................................... 131
2.5.2 Voltage Measurement .......................................................................................... 131
2.5.3 Current Measurement .......................................................................................... 132
Caution ................................................................................................................................ 132
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 133
2.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 133
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 134
2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 134
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 134
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 134
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 135
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 136
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 137
2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System (50 points total) .................................................. 137
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 138
2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 138
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 138
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 138
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 139
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 139
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 140
2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (20 points total) ................... 140
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 141
2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 141
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 141
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 141
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 142
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 142
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 142
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 143
2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (25 points total) ................... 143
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 144
2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources ................................................................................................. 144
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 144
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 144
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 145
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

Hint – non-ideal voltage sources: ....................................................................................... 145
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 145
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 146
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 147
2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources (20 points total) ...................................................................... 147
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 148
2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .................................................................. 148
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 148
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 148
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 149
Hint – non-ideal voltmeters: ............................................................................................... 149
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 150
Note: ................................................................................................................................... 150
Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 151
2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement (25 points total) ....................................... 151
Real Analog Chapter 2: Homework .................................................................................... 152
Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis .................................................................................. 155
3 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 155
After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 155
3.1 Introduction and Terminology ..................................................................................... 155
Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156
Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 157
3.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 157
3.2 Nodal Analy sis ............................................................................................................. 158
Example 3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 161
Note .................................................................................................................................... 163
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Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

3.2.1 Supernodes ........................................................................................................... 163
3.2.2 Alternate Approach: Constraint Equations ........................................................... 165
Example 3.2 ......................................................................................................................... 167
3.2.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 168
Example 3.3 ......................................................................................................................... 168
Example 3.4 ......................................................................................................................... 169
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 170
3.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 170
3.3 Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 170
Example 3.5 ......................................................................................................................... 173
3.3.1 Alternate Approach to Constraint Loops: Constraint Equations .......................... 174
3.3.2 Clarification: Constraint Loops .............................................................................. 175
Example 3.6: Version 1 ....................................................................................................... 176
Example 3.6: Version 2 ....................................................................................................... 177
Example 3.6: Version 3 ....................................................................................................... 177
3.3.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 178
Example 3.7 ......................................................................................................................... 178
Example 3.8 ......................................................................................................................... 179
Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 180
3.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 180
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 182
3.2.1: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 182
Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 182
General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 182
Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 183
Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 183
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 184
3.2.1: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 184
Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 185
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