Ready for Take-Off : The Language of Aeronautics PDF
Preview Ready for Take-Off : The Language of Aeronautics
T ISBN 2-91-246045-X ~~~ull~~n~~IJIJi 9 ~ ----------------~""";;;c;i$ii,,_& [f®If@W®If~ Readyfor Take-Of( is an introduction to standard aeronautical English and is intended for use bystudents and adults involved or interested in aircraftand aircraft manufacturing. In preparingthe book many hard choices had to be made as towhich materials to include and which la exclude. Forspaceconsiderations it was nOI possible to include every type ofaircraft flown today. Norwas it imaginable togive attention toevery aspectofaircraft manufacturing and assembly. ReadyforTake-Offconcems itselfwith civil aircraftand, except for a few passages devoted to light aircraftand theirsystems, the largejetpassengerairliners, Even these had to be narrowed down dramaticallyto the production ofthe two major players in today's aviation skies: Ameri ca's Boeingand Europe's Airbus Induslrie, although Ihave tried not tooverlook othersignificantaircraft types such as Lockheed, McDonnell Douglas and Concorde. Ready[or Take-offis not meant to be acourse in aeronautics orin aviation, but to present thevocabularyand language forms used in English when we need to talk about aircraft structures,components, their functions, and design. Students having learned the basic facts ofwing structureand design as itexists, say, on anAirbus A320should have little difficulty in talkingaboutawingon a BoeingorTupolev.The terms lift, thrust, and dragapply to a8747aswell as to a Cessna or Beechcraft As its title suggests, Readyfor Take-Off focuses on the manufacture, assembly, and preparation (including cabin layout and configuration) leading up to night. For this reason liltleorno attention is paid to in-night navigation including avionics,weatherforecasting, and radio communications,areas which generallydo not concern the engineers and technicians workingin the earlierphases ofaircraftconstructionand assembly. ReadyforTake-Off is the outgrowth ofmore than sevenyears ofworkingwith people from all areas ofthe aircraft industryin Toulouse, France. During theseyears much ofthe material contained in this bookwas used by hundreds oftechnicians, engineers,secretaries,assistants, maintenance managers and theirstaff, and even bypeople in commercial orcontractdepartments. Iwas even lucky to design an entire training program for pilOts, technicians and engineers preparing for the daywhen the "SuperGuppy" transporterused to ferryair craft parts around Europe was to be replaced bythe now familiar "Beluga" transporter.This textbook is offered to everybodywho, like all these people, are highlyqualified in their individual fields, but for whom Eng· lish is ahurdlewhich is often difficultto get over. Itis also designed forstudents preparing foracareer in any area linked toaeronautics. Level Considerations (students and teachers) Students should have a basicworking knowledge ofEnglish (pre-intermediateand intermediate levels) ifthey are toderive maximum benefitfrom using this book, although somesections, particularly the first two, can be used byelementary-level studen~ ifthe objective is familiarization with basic terms and simple descriptions. Teachers are expected to have abasic knowledge ofaeronautics, aswell as some ofthe physics involved in the various areas covered. Abackground in aeronautics is particularlydesirable ifthey are to providestudentswitl: help in doing some ofthe practiceexercises. . Design ofthe book The book isdivided into 5large sectionsstartingwith overall aircraftstructureand including the principlesof night and ending with material related to problems, errors and accidents. As far as possible, Ihave made every attempt to involve the student as much as possible, even when workingwith expository passages which are often accompanied by practices asking the student to restale ideas using new words or expressions, to answer questions based on the passages, or tocompare and contrast various facts orconfigurations. Each section includessubsections with work focusing on particular topics. "VocabulaIyCbecklists"listimpor tant words with a clearexamples. These are often followed byexercises to help students internalize the new vocabulary.Spaced throughout the book at appropriate locations are "GrammarChecklists"covering in table format majorgrammatical struclures. One ofthe most important themes is cause and effect and the differenl and varied ways ofexpressing it. Exercises dealing with this subjectwill be found from beginning to end. At regularintervalsstudents will also find "TrainingExercises"', aimed atdeveloping familiarity with language am grammar and "MaintenanceChecklists", practices intended as reviewand recall opportunities. Afewspecial sections called"GoingFurther" allow students to explore agiven subject in greater detail. iv Ready for Tal{e-Off Standard Aeronautical English C. Douglas Billet i·4".·'.t·'~" ·'';~''-''t.A ~;:",,;:, ,,'-,' .' . f .."- l' -' • ~'. f-f;N"V,'-tr"='"""-.,...,.,....,.1 : -... I Y 1..(~HTPi 1;;;~;~:OII~~1 Media Training Corporation ReadyforTake-Off --------------------------------~_t"':.,........... 1t®1f@'W®If@) ReadyforTake-Off is an introduction to standardaeronautical English and is intended for use bystudents and adults involved or interested in aircraftand aircraft manufacturing. In preparingthe book many hard choices had to be made as to which materials to include and which toexclude. Forspace considerations it was not possible to include everytypeofaircraft flown today. Norwas it imaginabletogive attention toevery aspectofaircraft manufacturingand assembly. ReadyforTake-Offconcems itselfwith civil aircraftand, except forafew passagesdevoted to lightaircraftand theirsystems, the largejetpassengerairliners. Even these had to be narrowed down dramaticallyto the production ofthe (Wo majorplayers in today's aviation skies: Ameri ca's Boeingand Europe'sAirbus Industrie, although Ihave tried not to overlook othersignificantaircraft types such as Lockheed, McDonnell Douglas and Concorde. Readyfor Take-offis not meantto be acourse in aeronautics orin aviation, but to present the vocabularyand language forms used in English when we need to talk about aircraft structures, components, their functions, and design. Students having learned the basic facts ofwing structureand design as itexists, say, on an Airbus A320 should have liule difficulty in talkingabout awing on aBoeingorTupolev. The terms lift, thrust, and dragapplyto a8747 as well as to aCessna or Beechcraft. As its title suggests, Readyfor Take-Off focuses on the manufacture, assembly, and preparation (including cabin layout and configuration) leading up to flight. For this reason little or no attention is paid to in-flight navigation including avionics, weatherforecasting, and radiocommunications,areas which generallydo not concern the engineers and technicians working in the earlierphases ofaircraft constructionand assembly. ReadyforTake-Off is theoutgrowth ofmore than seven yearsofworkingwith people from all areasofthe aircraft industryin Toulouse, France. Duringtheseyears much ofthe material contained in this bookwas used by hundreds oftechnicians, engineers,secretaries,assistants, maintenance managers and theirstaff, and even bypeople in commercialorcontractdepartments. Iwas even lucky todesign an entire training program for pilots, tcchniciansand engineers preparing for the daywhen the "SuperGuppy" transporterused tofeny air craft parts around Europe was tobe replaced bythe now familiar "Beluga" transporter. This textbook is offered to everybodywho, like all these people, are highlyqualified in theirindividual fields, but for whom Eng· lish is ahurdlewhich is often difficult toget over. Itis alsodesigned for students preparing foracareerin any area linked to aeronautics. Level Considerations (students and teachers) Studentsshould have a basicworking knowledgeofEnglish (pre-intennediateand intennediate levels) ifthey are to derive maximum benefit from using this book, although somesections, particularly the first two, can be used byelementary-levelstudents iftheobjective is familiarization with basic terms and simpledescriptions. Teachers areexpected to have abasic knowledgeofaeronautics, aswell as someofthe physics involved in the various areas covered.Abackground in aeronautics is particularlydesirable ifthey are to providestudents with helpin doing some ofthe practiceexercises. . Design ofthe book Thebook is divided into 5large sectionsstartingwith overall aircraftstructureand including the principlesof flighr and ending with material related to problems,errors and accidents. As far as possible, Jhave made every attempt to involve the student as much as possible, evenwhen workingwith expositorypassages which are often accompanied bypractices askingthe student to restate ideas usingnewwords orexpressions, to anS\\'er questions based on the passages, ortocompare and contrastvarious facts orconfigurations. Each section includessubsections with work focusing on particular topics. "VocabularyChecklists" list impor tant words with aclear examples. These are often followed byexercises to help students internalize the new vocabulary. Spaced throughout the book at appropriate locations are "GrammarChecklists"covering in table format majorgrammatical structures. One ofthe most important themes is cause and effect and the different and varied ways ofexpressing it. Exertises dealing with this subjectwill be found from beginning to end. At regular intervals studentswill also find "TrainingExercises", aimed atdeveloping familiarity with language and grammar and "MaintenanceChecklists", practices intended as reviewand recall opportunities. Afewspecial sections called "GoingFurther" allowstudents (0 explore agiven subjectin greater detail. iv ReadyforTake-Off Students and teachers will also find at regular intervals "SpecialPresentationsSections".These give students an opportunity oftraining themselves in simple presentation skills. The first suchsection provides amodel with typical introductions and transition phrases to use in giving i,l brieftalk. Transparencies orslides can be made from the accompanyingdiagrams. Ofcourse, each presentation'section may also be used as the basis fora written exercise. Aword about "FluencyPractices".These occur throughout the text. Students are presented with amodel sen tence, usually taken from arelevant passage, and asked to rephrase the idea in as manyways as they can. Prompts or"openers" are provided. The objective is to allow students to developgreater proficiency as they learn newexpressions. All the passages are based on authentic documents which have often been rewritten orotherwise"overhauled" to fit the designs ofthe topic, to provide acontext for vocabulary, orto demonstrate grammatical patterns. [have tried to ensure that the material contained in this text should be as up to date as possible. rhave also made every effort to verifythe facts and figures presented. Despite these efforts, some readers may find that newerdevelopments have superseded those mentioned in this text, or mayquestion certain data. Iwelcome any commentsand corrections. C. Douglas Billet Cannes, July2000 SpecialAcknowledgements [I] Iwould like to express my d.eep appreciation and gratitude to Airbus Industrie for itsgenerous andgracious help in makingavailable many outstanding photographs which appear in this book, as well as for granting permission to reproduce several authentic technical docu ments. [2] I also wish to thank Air France for making available several photo graphs appearingin the text,amongwhich are the superb photograph ofthe 747 taking offand the,Concorde in flight. [31 Special thanks are also reserved for Rolls-Royce and IAE for furnish ing theoutstandingillustrations oftwoTrentenginesandallowingme to reproduce them. FRONT COVER PHOTOGRAPH llAirbus Industrie; BACKCOVER PHOTOGRAPHS ©Airbus Industrie; Illustration ofthe Rolls Royce Trent Engine ©Rolls Royce-IAE. All used with permission. v R(.'(ldy(orTrlkc·orr Contents SECTION I: Basic Aircraft Structure and the Principles of Flight .. 2 Part 1: On the outside: Basic aircraft structures . 2 1 2. Simple descriptions . 5 1.3. The principle of flight.... . .. 6 1.4. Stability.. .. . 10 1.5. Aerodynamics . . 12 I 6. How big is big' .. . 14 I 7. Very big! . 15 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #1 . 16 18. Practice Comparing and Contrasting . 17 PART 2: On the Inside: Cabins, cockpits and configurations .. 18 1.9. Cabin configuration . . 18 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #2 .. . 26 SECTION 2: Aircraft Structures in More Detail . 28 2.1. The fuselage .. 28 2.2. Describing wing strUdure . 32 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #3 . 37 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #4 .. 40 2.3. Oil systems: an example from light aircraft . 44 2.4. An example of atypical cooling system . 46 2.5. Hydraulic systems . 48 2 6. Landing gear .. 50 2.7. Cabin pressurization and air conditioning . 53 2.8. Water supply and drainage .. 53 2.9. Supplementary section: design parameters . 54 2.10. Special Presentation Section . 56 2.11. Special Presentation Section . 57 SECTION 3: Powerplants for the aircraft . 60 3.1. How does a propeller provide thrust? . 60 3 2. How does ajet engine provide thrust? . 62 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #5 .. 64 3.3. Fan jets . 66 3.4. How is engine power measured? . 68 3.5. Engine manufacturers take steps to remedy deficiencies.. . 70 3.6. Dealing with older, noisier aircraft. 71 3.7. The Concorde: sole supersonic passenger transporter . 72 vi SECTION 4: Inside the Cockpit 74 4.1. Historical perspectives 74 42 The Soeing 777 cockpit: a brief description _........... 75 4.3. Boeing aims high 76 4.4 flight deck configuration: A320 77 4.5. Avionics............................ 78 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #6 79 SECTION 5: Errors, Misjudgments, Failures and Technical Problems.. 82 PART 1: Delays in assembly and other problems 92 5.1. Model-practice: stored ale status . 82 5.2. Model·practice: assembly halt B2 5.3 Model·practice: fuselage damage on NC B3 5.4. Model-practice: flap attachment damage 84 5.5. Model·practice: rudder artificial feel unit 85 5.6 Dealing with problems: communication applications 86 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #7 . BB PART 2: More serious incidents and accidents 88 5.7. Pilot error 92 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #B . 93 5.8. Pilot Error Responsible for Crash? u_............... 94 GRAMMAR CHECKLIST #9 97 5.9. The explosion of TWA flight BOO 100 5.10. A true story: A Narrowly-Averted Disaster? 103 vii The captain hasjust extended flaps by 15·, extended 11ft spoilers, and has reduced engine ERr. Thanks to this and also certainly owing to the dihedral angle of the wing mount, we now have a reaulting decreaae in airapeed overthe wing aur-facea. The high preasure area over the aircraft, hitherto sus tained so aa to provide the liftwe all needed. has been reduced, with a concomitant reduction in the lift.We are therefore in descent phase. You don't sayl Butare you sure the dihedral angle has something to do with it'? I really needed m~~----" ~_.-/ a IIftl Why spoil ,-~f~'" It'? '---7 - - - - - - - > .....T~_ Ready for Tal{e-Off ' 1 " " ' i ' - . - - - - - - - Ouera/lstructure &flighlprinciples I ~@@Q1®1fil Basic Aircraft Structure and the I Principles of Flight ----- PART 1: ON THE OUTSIDE Basic Aircraft Structures 29 / 1.1. AN AIRCRAFT -26 Not shown: fuel 27 tanks in wings (in 28 25 the wing boxes) 4 2 .., .. ..... .•••• \ , .. ... ~ ••• 18 ••••• •• ~ , , 15 Not shown: under. 28 floor storage areas 6 3 Not shown: nose landing gear and main landing ""--8 gear retracted into their respective bays during 7 fl;ght 11 1.1.1. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING PARTS. WRITE IN THE CORRESPONDING NUMBERS. a. fuselage o. port navigation light (red) b. cockpit p. flaps c. rodome q. aileron d. wing r. flap track fairings e. leading edge (wing) s. rear evacuation exit f. trailing edge (wing) t. vertical stabilizer g. wing root fairing u. horizontal stabilizer h. engine v. port trimming tailplane i. engine pod/nacelle w. starboard trimming tailplane j. pylon x. fin root fairing (fillet) k. passenger door y. rudder I. emergency evacuation exit z. tailcone m. windscreenI (windshield) 00. port elevotor and wipers bb. starboard navigation light n. static dischargers cc. starboard elevator Iwindscreen is the British word forwindshield used in the US. 2 Ready(or Take-Off!
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