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Readings on Premodern Societies PDF

363 Pages·1972·66.807 MB·English
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readings 011 premodern societies Prentice-llall international, inc., Lmldfm prentice-hall of Australia, pty. ltd., Sydney Prentice-hall of Canada, ltd., Toronto pl'e11ti[:e~hall of iiulia private limited, New Delhi Prentice-hall of Japan, inc., Tokyo readings on premedern societies Victor Lidz University of Chicago Talcott Parsons Harvard University Prentice-hall, inc.l'englewood cliH's, new jersey Prentice-hall readings in modern sociology series Alex Inkles, Editor © 1972 by PRENTICES-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, New jersey All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN: 0-13-761924-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number' 72166139 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 table of contents general introduction I TALCOTT PARSONS introduction 9 Part I introductory one the protocultural foundations of human adaptation '14 readings A. mvlnG I-IALLOWELL two religious evolution 30 ROBERT N. BELLAH three the problem of structural change 52 TALCOTT PARSONS introduction 67 Part 2 primitive four religion, totemism, and symbolism 73 societies w 1: H S'1A]\]\12R Eve analysis of purum kinship ties 88 RODNEY NEEDHAM six afiinal ties, subsistence, and prestige among the coast Salish 99 WAYNE SUTTLES 5e ven the political system of the bertha tribe 107 AUDREY I. RICHARDS V introduction 125 Part 8 archaic eight Ira ditional authority 129 MAX WEBER sucielies nine the Egyptian pharoah 142 The Memphis Theology, HENRI FRANKFORT /42 The Kins Person: Horus, I-IENRI FRANKFORT 15/ ten ina spects of the feudal period in ancient Egypt 158 The Question of Feudal Institutions in Ancient Egypt, WILLIAM F. EDGERTON 158 The Values of Life in Ancient Egypt, ]OHN A. WILSON /62 eleven the theological aspect of Mesopotamian kingship 156 HENRI FRANKFORT twelve three aspects of mesnputamian law 180 Legal and Social Institutions of the Babylonians and Assyrians, SABATINO MOSCATI /80 Law and Statecraft in Babylon, H. w. F. SAGGS 184 Courts and Punishment in Babylon, G. R. DRIVER and J. C. MILES /88 Part 4 introduction 191 historic thirteen max wehe1°'s systematic typology civilizations of religion 204 TALCOTF PARSONS vi contents fourteen political orientations of hureaucraeies in centralized empires 212 S. N. EISENSTADT fifteen the Chinese Iiterali 231 MAX WEBER sixteen caste and the foul' life- stages in traditional India 253 HEINRICH ZIMMER seventeen laws of class and stage of life in India 259 A. L. BASHAM eighteen government, social structure, and the religious institution in Islamic society 271 The Religious Institution, HAMILTON GIBB and HAROLD 1;owEn 27/ Government and the Social Structure, I-IANIILTON GIBB and HAROLD BOWEN 280 nineteen roman law as the law of the world 285 RUDOLF SOHM introduction 309 Part 5 the twenty the god of the sufferers 315 MARTIN B UBER seedbed twenty- the Greek city-state and its socielics one ideal of justice 330 WERNER JAEGER twenty- the Athenian democracy and its two critics 341 A. H. m. JONES contents vii general introduction TALCOTT PARSONS Like other Readers in the Foundations of Modern Sociology series, this one is designed to accompany and supplement the original book, Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Its main purpose is to make easily available to the student a selection of the literature on which the other book was based. Mr. Lidz appears as the "senior" Editor, not by virtue of age or academic position, but for the very cogent reason that he has done most of the work and that this fact should be accorded symbolic recognition. The ground which the original book covered is vast, especially for so small a book, and the literature relevant to it is correspondingly vast. Since both Mr. Lidz and I are in a sense "general" sociologists, . mot qualified experts in the subject matter of any chapter, to say nothing of all of them. We therefore have had to rely on "advice" of various sorts-both the oral advice of experts, and information about the "reputations" of various con- tributions we ourselves have gleaned from the literature. As in the original book, we have relied heavily on sources which make rather general statements, summaries of empirical evidence and statements of inter- pretation. There are two main reasons for this. First, we ourselves did not have personal command over the more detailed original sources-though, for exam- ple, we have read a good many anthropological Held monographs--and could have mastered such sources only for a small part of the Held. Second, that order of detail would have been relatively meaningless to most of our readers and would have severely increased the difficulty of producing a selection which might be compatible with our limitations of space. The criteria for selection were first, probable validity as judged by an article's reputation among specialists in its field and, secondly, its bearing on the theoretical, largely sociological, problems we have had in mind and attempted to state, though in very condensed form, in Chapter 2 of Societies. Especially in this Reader, Finally, we have used still another supplementary criterion for selection, which is an extension of the criterion of theoretical significance. This is that we have either emphasized only one aspect of the society in question, or given to one or two aspects what many would regard as disproportionate emphasis, in order to highlight institutions which seen most important in comparative perspective. Thus on ancient Egypt, three selections dealing with general introduction 1

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