Readings in printing. Part 2

54 Pages·2.793 MB·English-Russian

by  Гавран М.І., Фучила О.М.

Гавран М. І., Фучила О. М.
READINGS
in
PRINTING
Навчально-методичний посібник
з розвину інтегрованих навичок читання та
мовлення англійською мовою
у галузі видавничої справи
для студентів та аспірантів
Частина 2
Львів - 2014
READINGS in PRINTING. Навчально-методичний посібник з розвину
інтегрованих навичок читання та мовлення англійською мовою у галузі
видавничої справи для студентів та аспірантів, ч.2 / Уклали: М. І Гавран,
О. М. Фучила, 2014. - 52 с.
Укладачі: Гавран М.І., к.пед.н., викл.
Фучила О.М., к.пед.н., доц.
Відповідальний за випуск: Мукан Н.В., д.лед.н., проф.
Рецензенти: Закаулова Ю.В., к.пед.н., доц.
Дудок Р.І, д філол н., проф.
CONTENTS
Introduction...................................................................... 2
Lesson 1. Types of printing................................................................................2
Lesson 2. Relief printing...................................................................................9
Lesson 3. Gravure printing..................................................................................15
Lesson 4. Screen printing...................................................................................20
Lesson 5. Lithography.........................................................................................25
Lesson 6. Offs et printing..................................................................................31
Lesson 7. World names in printing....................................................................37
Lesson 8. The variety of typefaces....................................................................44
References............................................................................................................51
Introduction
There are a variety of printing techniques that designers can use to solve
problems and create visual materials. Some are older than others, some are not as
easily available as they used to be and others are much more expensive and often out
of a clients budget. Regardless of the specifics or availability, all of these types of
printing are still in practice today. It is important to know what one can do with
printed materials in order to select the best possible materials and processes for the
project.
There are also thousands of different typefaces and fonts available to designers,
printers, publishers, artists and writers (as well as the general public) today. There are
all types of display and text typefaces and everything in between. Most are available
in a digital format from a variety of type foundries and can easily be used, and
exploited, with modem computer tedinology. The vast amount of type available
makes specific classification of every one nearly impossible. However, it is important
to have an understanding of the basic styles of typefaces to help narrow down the
research and selection of the correct typeface.
The descriptions below are just touching the tip of the iceberg for each of
printing methods and fonts. This is just a rough summary of what these printing
methods are all about. Because of their variety printing is considered die greatest
invention of jthe second millennium and is a major reason why we are where we are
today.
http://www.dssignishistorv.com/ltgO/printing-tecfaDiQues/
http://www. deBignishi storv. com/1450/tvpe-classificatioii/
http://w ww.hignell .rab.ca/jinntingclan fied/pririting 101/methods-of-print
LESSON 1. TYPES OF PRINTING
USE OF THE ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
Task 1.1. Learn the essential vocabulary, look through the text and find the
words in it.
1. adhere [od’hio] прилипати, приставати - to stick firmly to something.
2. afford [o'foid] мати змогу; дозволяти собі - have enough money to pay for.
affordable [o'fbidobl] hot very expencive, possible to be paid for.
3. collodion [ko'loudian] колодій - a syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in a
mixture of alcohol and ether, used for coating things {e.g., in a photographic
process).
4. copper [’кзрз] мідь - a soft reddish-brown metal that allows electricity and
heat to pass through it easily {a chemical element: symbol Cu).
5. dyestuff [’daist/vf, AitiE -’dlistof] фарба; барвник - a substance that can be
used as a dye, esp. when in solution.
6. film [film] плівка - material in the form of a thin flexible sheet.
7. fuse [fju:z] 1) топити(ся); плавити(ся) 2) сплавляти 3) зварювати
плавленням - melt a material or object with intense heat to join it with
something else.
з
8. grained {greind] зернистий, гранульований - gi ven a rough 01: granular
surface <>r texture.
9. gravure [gro'yju:r] глибокий друк, гравюра - an image produced from
etching jh plate through an intaglio p rocess and producing a prmt; from it.
10. greasy ['gri:si; -zi] садьний, жирний - covered with an oily substance or
containing too much oil or fat.
11. immerse [I’lmis] занурювати - put; something into a liquid.
12. mesh [mej] сітка - material made of a network of wire or thread
13. minute [mai'n(j)u:t] дрібний; детальний - extremely small or precise.
14. offset [’zifset] передавати, переносити - transfer an impression to the next
sheet.
15. relief [nifli:f] [AmE - ri'lef] рельєф (зображення); рельєфність - difference in
height from the surrounding area; sfcmding out fro:m the surface.
16. repel [n:'pel] відштовхувати; відганяти; відбивати - resist mixing with
another substance.
17. rigid |’mdjid] твердий; цупкий; неігнучкий - unable to bend; not flexible.
18. saturated ['saetforeitK}] глибокий, інтенсивний (про колір тощо) - (of color)
very bright, full.
19. stencil |‘!stens(o)l] ірафарет, шаблон - a thin sheet of cardboard, plastic, or
metal with a pattern or letters cut out of it, used to produce the cut design on tltie
surface below by the application of Йк or paint through the holes!
20. veneer fvo'mo] шпон;; одинарна фанера - a thin decorative covering of fine
wood applied to a coarser wood or other material.
Task 1.2. Match each word in section A with the one of the similair meaning i n
section B:
A В
1) to adhere a)broad
2)method b)to merge
3) restraint c)many
4)to confuse d)techniq uq
5)to manufactur e e)imitation
6)to fuse f)to stick
7) multiple g)to produce
8)wide h)to fix
9) impression i)restriction
10)to attach j)to mix up
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Task 1.3. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in
sectio n B:
A В
1) brief a)to exclude
2)wet b)to subtract
3)to press c)insoluble
4)accuracy d)blunt
5)to include e)to destroy
6)soluble f)widespread
7)flexible g)to raise
8)sharp h)dry
9)to create i)rigid
10)to add j) inaccuracy
Task 1.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:
A В
1)stencil a)materi al made of a network of wire or thread
2)dyestuff b) an image produced from etching a plate through an
intaglio process
3)copper e} difference in height from the surrounding area
4)mesh d)material in the form of a thin flexib le sheet
5)ink e)a thin decorative covering of fine wood
6)collodion f) a substance that can be used as a dye
7)gravure g)a soft reddish-brown metal
8)film h) a syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of
alcohol and ether, used for coating tilings
9)veneer i)) a thin sheet of cardboard, plastic, or metal with a
pattern or letters cut out of it
10)relief j) a coloured liquid that use for printing
READING AND WRITING
Task 1.5. Skim the text to pick up the major ideas of it. Note them down.
Task 1.6. Skim the text to subtitle each paragraph of it.
Task 1.7. Read the text. Translate it and answer the following questions:
1. When was: relief printing first developed?
2. What printing process is used by most printers?
3. What is intaglio printing commonly used for?
4. What printing method is effective for stationery?
5. Is photo-lithography a reproduction or an original print?
6. What planographic prinling techniques do you know?
7. What is the difference between screen-printing and glass print?
5
8. Does flexography process use rigid plates?
9. Wliy is digital printing a convenient method for meeting deadlines and time
restraints?
10. How many and what printing methods do you know?
When somebody needs to use a commercial printer for ai job or personal
assignment, it can be difficult to know what to order from the printer. There are so
many different types of printing it can be confusing fc?r any consumer to know wliich
printing method is most suited to their particular project. In tliis; article the most
popular types of printing are briefly discussed, giving the consumer a bit more
understanding of each method.
One c>f the first and original printing methods is the Letterpress, which was
developed by Gutenberg in 1440. This is where relief printing was first developed;
the printed image is slightly raised from the surface (>f the plate - similar to a rubber
stamp. This is a process performed by fewer printers a$ new technology takes over the
printing would.
The most populaif printing process used by most printers is Offset
Lithography. This is a. method where ink is used economically and setup time for
the press is limited. This process is where ink is offset from metal plates to a rubber
cylinder onto die paper. It is an affordable and most common method of printing.
For tlie sharpest image, engraving is a printing; method where the image is cut
out. Gravuire printing (or intaglio printing) [m'tailiou] is an expensive Iiigh
quality printing process which uses copper plates. This process is commonly used to
print high, qpality large volume materiajs such as magazines, newspaper, catalogues
and more.
Thermography is a process whieh produces a raised image. This is a spesial
powder or dust which adheres to wet ink. Then heat is applied, which makss the
powder and the ink fuse to form a raised surface.. This method is effective for
stationery.
Planographic printing include;: all those techniques in which the ink is
neither pressed down into the paper nor raised above iihe surface of the paper, but lies
in a flat ріаіде on the surface. In planographic techniques the pressure of the press, if
indeed there is a press at all, is generally much lighteir than relief or intaglio printing.
Various planographic printing techniques are the following ones.
1) Lithography invented in 1798 (from Greek “lithes” = “stone” and “graphein’-
“to write”) is a method of printing originally based oni the principle that oil and water
do not mix. To make a lithograph, the artist uses an oily or greasy medium to draiw a
composition on a flat stcne. The surfaice of the stone is then flooded with water,
which is replied by the greasy areas and stay only where the drawing isn’t The
stone is then covered v/itlti a sheet of piaper and run through the press to create the
print. In modem times a limestone block has often bqen replaced by a grained metal
plate, in wiliich case the print is sonnetimes called a zincography. A transfer
lithograph, or an autographie, is one in which the original design was drawn c>n a
paper and then mechanicailly (not photographically) transferred to the stone or pl|ate.
6
A photo-lithography is generally a reproduction and not an original print. A
lithotimt is a lithograph in which the image is created on the stone with a brush and
oil-based ink in the manner of a wash drawing.
2)Screen-printing was made famous in the 1960’s. To make a screenprint, an image
is atta ched to a piece of tautly stretched mesh. Paint is then forced through the mesh -
or screen - onto the substrate beneath it. The technique is often referred to as
serigraphy (a combination of two Greek words: “seicos” meaning “silk” and
“graphos” meaning “writing” = silkscreen printing), a term coined to distinguish
between commercial and artistic screenprinting.
3) Cliche-Verre [’kli.Jei-ver] (French “verre” means “glass”), or glass print, is
different from eveiy other print technique in that the image on the paper is not
produced with ink but with light-sensitive chemicals. The basic cliche-verre is made
by coaling a clear glass plate with collodion or printer’s ink and drawing a design
through that coating with a stylus. A sheet of photo-sensitised paper is then placed
under it and the assemblage exposed to light (usually sunlight). The image will be
received onto the photo paper, exactly in the way that a photographic print is made
from a negative, sind the image is then chemically fixed. A more sophisticated
techn ique involves painting the design on the glass, the varying densities of the ink or
paint appearing on the final print as varying shades of white to black. The technique
is proto-photographic, but not reproductive since there is no camera involved
4)Digital /Iris /Gidee prints
Iris Prints/Giclee [zhe'kla:]. Iris prints are created by printing computer-generated
images on a large-scale inkjet printer manufactured by IRIS. The ink is dispersed by
a sophisticated print head in a fine mist of mmute droplets in order to deliver a
continuous tone image. Iris prints can be made using highly saturated, archival
[a:’kaiv(9)l], water-based ink on a wide range of materials, from traditional art papers
to fabrics and wood veneers. (Ink is a colloidal system that is typically comprised of
colorant, vehicle, solvent, and additives. The colorant can either be pigments, or
dyestuffs. Pigments axe insoluble in the vehicle, where as dyestuffs are soluble in the
vehicle A water-based ink is art ink that has either the pigments or the dyes in a
colloidal suspension in a solvent with the main solvent being water. Pigmented ink
consists of a very fine powder of solid colorant particles suspended in a liquid carrier.
Archival ink is an ink which is designed to resist fading and weathering so that it will
endure over time.) Epson print images are also computer generated and realized.
Epson printers use pigment-based archival ink rather than water-based inks. The
Epson process is better suited to project that involve a Combination of printing
techniques, especially those that involve the immersion of once-printed paper in
water as a step in the printing process. In addition to the materials that can bs printed
on with Iris printers, the Epson printers can accommodate rigid materials such as
copper plates or cardboard. Giclee is a technology for fine art or photograph
reproduction using a high-quality inkjet printer to make individual copies.
5) Monotype/Monoprint. As their names imply, monotypes and monoprints (the
words {ire often used interchangeably but shouldn't be) are prints that have an edition
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of one, though sometimes, a second, weaker impression can be taken from the matrix.
A monotype is made by drawing a design in printing ink on any smooth surface, then
covering that matrix with a sheet of paper and passing it through a press. The
resulting image will be an exact reverse of the original drawing, but relatively flatter
because of the pressure of the press. A monoprint: is made by taking an already
etched and inked plate and adding to the composition by manipulating additional ink
on the surface of die plate. This produces an impressi on different in appearance from
a conventionally printed, impression from the same plate. Since it is virtually
impossible to manipulate the additional ink twice the same way. every monoprint
impression will be different from every other one.
6) Pochoir [po/’wa:] (in French it means “stencil”) is a direct method of hand
colouring tlirough a stencil. The stencil itself is usually knife cut from thin coated
paper, paperboard, plastic or metal and the ink or paint is applied with a brush
through the stencil to the paper beneath. Multi-coloured pochoirs are produced with
multiple stencils, and the technique has often been used to add colours to black and
white lithographs.
Flexography is a printing process used for packaging products. This process
uses rubber plates with printed areas raised in relief; the plates are flexible, making
printing on many different materials; possible, e.g. plastic bags, bottle labels,
cardboard boxes, etc.
Digi^ri printing is a nqw and ex tremely effective form of printing. This form
of printing eliminates the use of film an d plates, and sends a digital file directly from a
computer to Ae press. Digital printing is relatively fast compared to other printing
methods, making it a convenient method for meeting deadlines and time restraints.
Reprographics is a general teim which includes copying and duplicating.
Most, if not all, printing companies offer a reprographics service, where they can
take an original file or document and make duplicates of them.
Electrostatic printing is a method similar to photocopying, where colour
sticks to a drum and is fused by heat to paper. Electrostatic printing is similar to
digital printing in that both processes are useful and effective for short printing runs.
Printing processes such as offset lithography use printing plates to transfer an
^image to paper or other substrates. The plates may be made of metal, plastic, rubber,
paper, and other materials. The image is put on the printing plates using
photomechanical, photochemical, or laser engraving processes. The image may be
positive or negative.
fAdopted from h.tp:(/EzineArticles.cony?expert=E)vlan Brent
http://wvAv.artmtaglio.iiyindex.jsp
http://v4vw.wisegeek.cony what-is-archival-ink.frfm’)
Task 1.8. Mark the statements given below “true” or “false”:
1. A monoprint is made by taking an already inked plate and adding to Ae
composition by manipulating additional oil on the surface of Ae plate. 2. Epson
printers use pigment-based archival ink: instead of* water-based inks. 3. In 1440
Gutenberg developed Ae liAopress. 4. Using glass print the image on the paper is
produced vn\h ink and light-sensitive chemicals. £5. A raised image is a special
powder or dust which adheres to wet ink. 6. Dyestuffs are soluble in the vehicle where
pigments are insoluble. 7. Offset lithography use only metal, plastic and rubber
printing plates. 8. Planographic printing excludes all those techniques in which the
ink lies in a flat plane on the surface. 9. Electrostatic printing is a technique similar to
photocopying. 10. Multi-coloured pochoirs are produ ced with many stencils, and the
technique hasn’t often been used to add colours to black and white lithographs.
Task 1.9. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:
1. methods / first / is / original / one / of / Letterpress / the / and / printing / the.
2. drawing / by / a / is / smooth /a / printing / made / ink / design /monotype / any / on
/ surface / in.
3. pigments / ink / either / solvent / is / an / the / ink / dyes / that / or / the / in /a / has /
colloidal / a/ water-based / suspension / in / a.
4. a / printing / usedV process / flexography / for / packaging / is / products.
5. processes: / as / offset / plates / transfer / printing / to / an / printing / image / such /
to / use / paper/ lithography.
6. fast / to / printing / is / methods / other / relatively / digital / compared / printing.
7. white / often / colours / pochoirs / to / add / have / to black / multi-coloured / and /
used / lithographs / been.
8. original / an / stone / autographie / draivn / design / is / one / mechanically / in / the
/ on / plate / a / paper / and / was / then / which / transferred / or / to^ the.
9. image /lto / tautly / screenprint / an / is / piece / to / a / of / a / stretched / make /
mesh / attached.
10. printer’s / basic / collodion / is / bv/ with / a / made / cliche-verre / glass / the /
plate / coating / clear/ or / ink.
Task 1.10. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. Digital printing eliminates die use of film and plates. 2. Pochoir is a direct method
of hand colouring through a stencil. 3. Offset Lithography is a method where ink is
used economically and setup time for the press is limited 4. Lithography invent**! in
1798 is a method of printing originally based on the principle that oil and water do
not mix. 5. A monotype is made by drawing a design in printing ink on any smooth
surface. 6. A lithotint is a lithograph in which the image is created on the stone with a
brush and oil-based ink in the manner of a wash drawing. 7. Iris prints are created by
printing computer-generated images on a large-scale ink jet printer. 8. Screen-printing
was made famous in the 1960’s. 9. The basic cliche-verre is made by coating a dear
glass plate with collodion or printer’s ink. 10. Printing companies offer a
reprographics service.