Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences

2166 Pages·2001·15.174 MB·English

by  Jonathan Michie

Reader’s Guide to the
S S
OCIAL CIENCES
Volume 1
EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Professor Steve Anderman Dr Simon Lee
Department of Law, University of Essex Department of Politics and Asian Studies, University of Hull
Professor Daniele Archibugi Ms Aileen McColgan
Italian National Research Council, Rome School of Law, Kings College, London
Professor William J. Baumol Dr Sara Kathryn McDonald
C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University Honorary Research Fellow, Birkbeck College, University of
London
Professor Terry Birtles
School of Resource, Environmental and Heritage Science, Dr Ron Martin
University of Canberra Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Dr Brendan Burchell Professor Stan Metcalfe
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of School of Economic Studies, University of Manchester
Cambridge
Professor Edgar Miller
Professor Martin Cave Department of Psychology, University of Leicester
Department of Economics, Brunel University
Mr Seumas Milne
Professor David Coates Labour Editor, The Guardian, London
Department of Politics, Wake Forest University
Dr Dany Nobus
Professor Sandra Dawson Department of Human Sciences, Brunel University
Judge Institute of Management Studies, University of
Professor Peter Nolan
Cambridge
School of Business and Economic Studies, University of Leeds
Dr Ciaran Driver
Professor Vishnu Padayachee
School of Management, Imperial College, London
School of Development Studies, University of Natal
Mr Stephen Farrall
Professor Robert Pollin
Department of Criminology, Keele University
Department of Economics and Political Economy Research
Professor Simon Folkard Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea
Dr Renée Prendergast
Mr Andrew Glyn Department of Economics, Queen’s University, Belfast
Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford
Dr Angelo Reati
Professor Ilene Grabel European Commission, Brussels
Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver
Professor Malcolm Sawyer
Professor David Guest Economics Division, Leeds University Business School,
School of Management and Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck University of Leeds
College, London
Dr Clive Seale
Ms Jane Hardy Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths College, University of
Department of Economics and Decision Sciences, University of London
Hertfordshire
Professor Ajit Singh
Dr Jane Humphries Department of Economics, University of Cambridge and Senior
All Souls College, University of Oxford Fellow, Queens’ College Cambridge
Ms Carolyn Jones Professor Grahame Thompson
Director, Institute of Employment Rights, London Faculty of the Social Sciences, The Open University
Mr William Keegan Mr Romesh Vaitilingam
Economics Editor, The Observer, London Centre for Economic Policy Research, London
Mr Michael Kitson Professor Gareth Williams
St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University
Reader’s Guide to the
S S
OCIAL CIENCES
Volume 1
Editor
J M
ONATHAN ICHIE
First published in the USA and UK 2000 By FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS
Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informabusiness
Copyright © 2000 by
Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or
in part in any form.
British Library and Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication
Data are available
ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9
ISBN 978-1-315-06215-0 (eISBN)
Typeset by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
Cover design by Hybert Design
Cover image: from Sigmund Freud’s manuscript of Das Ich und das

Es (1923; The Ego and the Id, 1927)
CONTENTS
Editor’s Note page vii
Advisers and Contributors xi
Alphabetical List of Entries xvii
Thematic List: Entries by Category xxix
Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences, A-L 1
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EDITOR S NOTE
Aims, Scope, and Selection of Entries
The aim of the Reader’s Guide the Social Sciences is to do exactly what its title promises —
to guide the reader towards the key texts on specific topics. The individual entries present and
critically review the literature on a range of topics from the social sciences. In almost all cases
the references given will themselves cite a huge number of additional references, so what is
provided here will serve as a useful springboard for any literature search. This is not, then, an
encyclopedia. The entries do not attempt to describe and discuss the actual topics in any great
depth; rather, they aim to point the reader to the publications where this is done, including in
some cases to encyclopedia entries or to more substantive literature surveys on the topics. Indeed,
there are many topics that one would expect to find included in an encyclopedia but on which
there is not actually a distinct literature, and so these were not included in this Reader’s Guide.
This is a Reader’s Guide to the literature.
The term “Social Sciences” encompasses a huge range of academic disciplines and subject
areas. This Reader’s Guide concentrates on economics; political economy; politics; sociology;
law; management and business; psychology and organizational psychology; organizational behav-
iour; human geography; international relations; and research and analysis methods in the social
sciences. A few topics are included from other subject areas where these overlap with the major
disciplines chosen, for example philosophy and social anthropology.
The authors were asked to select the texts and devise their entries so as to be useful to students
or researchers beginning a literature search, and to teachers and lecturers constructing reading
lists. The volume of secondary material now available is often overwhelming, and these entries
provide expert guidance to and critical analysis of selected texts, to assist in the selection of
the most appropriate books for research and study.
In addition to the standard length entries, we commissioned major “survey” entries on each
of the subject areas that the Reader’s Guide covers, and an additional survey of the history and
development of the social sciences. These surveys act as large-scale maps enabling readers to
put the standard length entries into context, to understand the historical development of the
discipline, and to appreciate key controversies and points of departure between different schools
of thought.
The literature on many of the subjects covered will overlap, for example on the European
Union and on European Monetary Union. We have therefore included see also notes at the end
of many of the entries, to related entries whose selected texts will also be of relevance. The
relationships among the entries may also be examined in the Thematic List.
Arrangement of Entries
Entries appear in alphabetical order. A complete list of these can be found in the Alphabetical
List of Entries (p. xvii). Where there are entries sharing the same general heading (e.g. Politics),
vii
viii editor’s note
the order does not normally proceed alphabetically. Where there is a “General” entry in such
a group, it is always placed first. In cases where these principles offer no guidance, alphabet-
ical order is followed.
Thus although the overall arrangement of entries is alphabetical, the Reader’s Guide contains
various aides to facilitate access to its contents. These are:
1. Thematic List (p. xxix). This list should be consulted to see the full range of entries that
relate to a particular subject area. The list is more detailed than simply the subject areas
listed above, such as “economics”, and instead groups the entries further by theme, such
as macroeconomics and labour economics.
2. Booklist Index (p. 1781 in volume 2). This lists, in alphabetical order, the authors of all
books and articles discussed in the entries and can be used to locate discussions of the work
of particular scholars.
3. General Index (p. 1943 in volume 2). This lists individuals, topics, and particular works
mentioned in the entries. The index will be particularly useful for locating references to
individuals or topics that have no entry of their own.
4. See also notes. These appear at the end of many of the entries and refer the reader to entries
on related topics.
Format within Entries
Each entry begins with a list of the books or articles to be discussed in the essay. Complete
publication details are provided, including dates of the first publication and, where appropriate,
the most recent revised edition. Reprints and paperback editions are normally omitted unless
the original publication is more than 50 years old. Most entries begin with a short introduc-
tion that either gives an overview of the subject or discusses the issues on which scholars have
focused. In the text of each essay, the first significant mention of each publication is indicated
by the appearance of the author’s name in capital letters. In cases where more than one book
by the same author is discussed in the same entry, dates in parentheses are used to distinguish
the publications. Although the list of books in each entry proceeds in alphabetical order, the
books are not normally discussed in that order in the text. It was left to the judgement of
contributors to decide whether to discuss books in order of publication or, more often, according
to the subject matter and emphasis of each book.
Acknowledgements
I am extremely grateful to a number of friends and colleagues for assisting with this project.
The main thanks must go to Carol Jones. First she was an outstanding student at Cambridge
University. Next she was an excellent Research Officer at the Judge Institute of Management
Studies at Cambridge, working with me on the Economic and Social Research Council’s
“Contracts & Competition” programme, as well as on an EU-funded series of Euroconferences.
She was unflappable, even when it came to pay for the conference dinner on a boat in Rome
when we discovered they did not take credit cards and I had inadvertently spent the confer-
ence dinner money the previous evening. When Carol moved from Cambridge to London she
resigned her Judge Institute post to work as a Commissioning Editor at Fitzroy Dearborn, from
where she persuaded me to work with her on this Reader’s Guide. I doubt that there is anyone
else who would have succeeded in persuading me to take it on; in the case of Carol I knew
that she would do the bulk of the work and do it faultlessly. This she did, before then moving
on to found and run an internet gardening business. It would be bordering on the perfunctory
simply to include Carol amongst the acknowledgements, and so I would like also to dedicate
the Reader’s Guide to her. This is particularly appropriate since a large number of the Advisers
and authors have also enjoyed working with Carol on this as well as other projects, from my
Judge Institute colleague Dr Jane Collier who recommended Carol to me for the Research Officer
editor’s note ix
post, to Professor Daniele Archibugi, sometime visitor at the Judge Institute and saviour regarding
the unpayable bill on the boat in Rome.
I was fortunate that all the Fitzroy Dearborn staff did an excellent job on the Reader’s Guide
from start to finish, from Daniel Kirkpatrick through to Gillian Lindsey who took over from
Carol in the final year of the project, organizing and stewarding it through to completion.
I am grateful to all the Advisers for their work in suggesting topics and authors, and for step-
ping in when necessary to write entries themselves. Particular thanks in this regard are due to
Professor Ilene Grabel, Dr Sarah Kay McDonald and Professor Vishnu Padayachee.
I am also grateful to all the authors and in particular those who stepped into the breach,
either to write the entries that no one else would, or to cover for people who said they would
but did not deliver.
I am especially grateful to colleagues at Birkbeck College, including Professor David Guest
and Dr Jenny Kidd for advice on Organizational Psychology, Elaine Macdonald for providing
an entry at the same time as doing a more than full-time Research Officer’s job, lecturing,
assisting with conference organizing and researching for a PhD over the weekends, Professor
Ron Smith for assisting with an entry that had failed to materialize on the deadline, and Steve
Warby. Particular thanks for just making Birkbeck such an efficient and enjoyable place to work
are due to Sally Bland, Jenny Cook, Sally Pierson and Lee Shailer.
Finally I would like as always to thank my wife Carolyn Downs and sons Alex and Duncan
Michie for all their love and support.
JONATHAN MICHIE
September 2000