Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants

377 Pages·2010·3.41 MB·English

by  S. Dutta Gupta

Reactive Oxygen Species
and Antioxidants
in Higher Plants
Reactive Oxygen Species
and Antioxidants
in Higher Plants
Edited by
S. Dutta Gupta
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur, India
Science Publishers
Enfi eld, New Hampshire
Published by Science Publishers, P.O. Box 699, Enfi eld, NH 03748, USA
An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands
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Copyright reserved © 2011
ISBN 978-1-57808-686-3
Cover illustration reproduced by kind courtesy of Prof. L. De Gara and
Dr. V. Locato, Rome, Italy.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in higher plants /
edited by S. Dutta Gupta.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-57808-686-3 (hardcover)
1. Antioxidants--Physiological effect. 2. Active
oxygen--Physiological effect. 3. Plants--
Metabolism. I. Gupta, S. Dutta.
QK898.A57 R43 2010
572’ .2--dc22

2010022482
The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and the publisher does not assume
responsibility for the authenticity of the fi ndings/conclusions drawn by the author(s). Also
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Printed in the United States of America
Foreword
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biological systems
is linked to the evolution of oxygen generating photosynthetic organisms
on this planet. There are basically few reactive species viz singlet oxygen
species, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. To
survive the damage caused by these ROS, the organisms have evolved
enzyme systems that can detoxify these species. Under stress conditions
many plants produce more ROS and hence their survival would depend
on the effi ciency of the ROS-scavenging species. Production of ROS is also
associated with disease symptoms and also with the initiation of ageing
process. However, besides, the enzymatic machinery, the biological
systems have also different antioxidants which can reduce the damaging
impact of ROS.
Over the last decade, the studies on the production of ROS, their
detoxifi cation mechanisms and their role in development and as signaling
molecules have made an overall impact on the understanding of func-
tioning of biological systems under various environmental conditions.
ROS are now labeled as both molecules of destruction and also molecules
for the survival. Thus ROS biology now occupies a central role as toxic
compounds produced during aerobic metabolism and under stress and
disease conditions and also an important signaling molecule which affect
growth, development and also defense responses. A number of studies
are currently on to identify the ROS receptors, the signaling pathways and
networks that determine growth responses in plants.
Though many reviews, a few books and other compilations have
discussed specifi c issues related to redox metabolism and ROS biology, yet
a single volume covering the overall aspects of chemistry and generation
of ROS, and their role and regulation under normal and stress environ-
ment in plants has not been available. The present volume by Dr. S. Dutta
Gupta fulfi lls this task.
The book contains fi fteen chapters and authors belong to developing
and developed countries which refl ects the interest in this subject across
vi Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants
the globe. The chapters follow a sequence from chemistry and generation
of ROS, their role as signal molecules and in regulating various devel-
opmental responses like morphogenesis, leaf development and also in
inducing programmed cell death or in inducing defense responses. The
scope of the book has been expanded to include chapters that deal with
role of antioxidants, in medicinal plants, in scavenging ROS. A few chap-
ters also discuss the role of ROS in morphogenesis and as biomarkers and
how an understanding of the ROS pathway can be of help to genetically
engineer plants that are then resistant to the injury imposed by oxidative
stress during drought, cold, metal or salinity conditions.
I am confi dent that this book will serve the purpose for which it is
designed; to throw more light on ROS in plants and to generate interest in
this fi eld of activity among young scientists and professionals in India and
also in other countries.
International Centre for Genetic SUDHIR K SOPORY
Engineering and Biotechnology FNA, FNASc, FASc, FNAAS,
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg FTWAS, Padma Shri
New Delhi 110 067, India
Preface
In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) which include free radicals,
peroxides, singlet oxygen, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide free radicals are
constantly produced as a result of secondary effects of biotic and abiotic
stresses. Uncontrolled production of ROS can cause oxidative damage
by reacting with cellular macromolecules. Apart from its role as toxic
molecules capable of injuring plant cells, ROS can control many different
processes in plants. There exists a complex relationship between the level
of ROS and many different signaling pathways that regulate plant growth
and development. Spectacular advances have been made to understand
the relationship and how cells tackle this confl ict. From modern point
of understanding molecular oxygen, redox balance and ROS are now
envisaged as one of the most essential components of normal cellular
functions.
Plants have developed a complex antioxidant system to protect them-
selves against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection system includes
enzymes as well as low molecular substrates which scavenge both radicals
and their associated non-radical oxygen species. ROS induced oxida-
tive damage and its role as signaling molecules along with the cascade
of protective mechanism have been the subject of intense research both
in in vivo and in vitro grown plants. The production of ROS has also been
found to be associated with plant recalcitrance during in vitro culture and
a subtle interplay of ROS and antioxidants controls the hyperhydric status
of the regenerated plants.
The aim of this volume is to provide basic information on ROS and to
describe the new developments in the action of ROS, the role of antioxidants
and the mechanisms that have been developed to scavenge free radical
associated cellular damage. It would be a surmounting task to provide an
encyclopedic coverage of the subject. The present volume organizes the
information in order to illustrate the chemistry of ROS, ROS signaling,
antioxidative defense systems, transgene approach in scavenging ROS
and the role of oxidative stress in plant recalcitrance and hyperhydricity,
viii Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants
and how plants orchestrate their response to morphogenesis. A brief
account on the use of medicinal plants for natural antioxidants, focusing
biochemical details, has also been presented. It is designed for graduate
students, researchers and professionals in biochemistry, plant molecular
biology, developmental biology and agricultural biotechnology, in both
the academic and industrial sectors.
I would like to thank all those authors who have contributed to this
volume by sharing their working experiences in this fascinating fi eld. I
am indebted to Prof. Sudhir K. Sopory for writing the ‘Foreword’ in spite
of his busy schedule. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Rina Dutta Gupta
for her support and encouragement throughout the preparation of this
volume.
Kharagpur, November 2009 S. Dutta Gupta
Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
List of Contributors xi
1. Sites of Generation and Physicochemical Basis of 1
Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Cell
Soumen Bhattacharjee
2. Multiple Roles of Radicals in Plants 31
Igor Kovalchuk
3. Reactive Oxygen Species and Ascorbate-Glutathione 45
Interplay in Signaling and Stress Responses
V. Locato, M.C. de Pinto, A. Paradiso and L. De Gara
4. Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death 65
Tsanko Gechev, Veselin Petrov and Ivan Minkov
5. Oxidative Burst-mediated ROS Signaling Pathways 79
Regulating Tuberization in Potato
Debabrata Sarkar and Sushruti Sharma
6. ROS Regulation of Antioxidant Genes 101
Photini V. Mylona and Alexios N. Polidoros
7. The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes during Leaf Development 129
Yun-Hee Kim and Sang-Soo Kwak
8. Antioxidants Involvement in the Ageing of Non-green 151
Organs: The Potato Tuber as a Model
Pierre Delaplace, Marie-Laure Fauconnier and Patrick du Jardin
9. Metal Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative 177
Defense System in Plants
R.S. Dubey
x Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants
10. ROS, Oxidative Stress and Engineering Resistance in 205
Higher Plants
Damla D. Bilgin
11. Role of Free Radicals and Antioxidants in in vitro 229
Morphogenesis
S. Dutta Gupta
12. ROS as Biomarkers in Hyperhydricity 249
Nieves Fernandez-Garcia, Jesus Garcia de la Garma
and Enrique Olmos
13. Antioxidant Effects of Plant Polyphenols: 275
A Case Study of a Polyphenol-rich Extract from
Geranium sanguineum L.
Julia Serkedjieva
14. LC-(Q) TOF-MS Characterization of Phenolic 295
Antioxidants
Antonio Segura-Carretero, Shaoping Fu, David Arráez-Román,
and Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez
15. Antioxidant Properties of Chinese Medicinal Plants 331
Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li , Yuan Zhang, Ren-You Gan , Feng-Lin
Song and Feng Chen
Index 363
Color Plate Section 367