Reaction Patterns of the Lymph Node: Part 1 Cell Types and Functions

297 Pages·1990·13.673 MB·English

by  A. Castenholz (auth.), E. Grundmann, E. Vollmer (eds.)

Current Topics in Pathology
84/1
Managing Editors
C.L. Berry E. Grundmann
Editorial Board
H. Cottier, P.I Dawson, H. Denk, C.M. Fenoglio-Preiser
Ph.U. Heitz, O.H. Iversen, F. Nogales, N. Sasano, G. Seifert
IC.E. Underwood, YWatanabe
E. Grundmann and E. Vollmer (Eds.)
Reaction Patterns
of the Lymph Node
Part 1 Cell Types and Functions
Contributors
C. Belisle· S. BOdewadt-Radzun· B. Brado
A. Castenholz . Y Cho . P.P.H. de Bruyn
I Delabie . C. de Wolf-Peeters· E Facchetti
S. Fossum . M.-L. Hansmann· E.C.M. Hoefsmit
E.W.A. Kamperdijk . EG.M. Kroese . P. Moller
P. Nieuwenhuis . M.R. Parwaresch . ES. Peng
H.I Radzun . G. Sainte-Marie· W. Timens
II van den Oord . E.B.I van Nieuwkerk
M.A.M. Verdaasdonk· H.-H. Wacker
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
E. GRUNDMANN, Professor Dr.
E. VOLLMER, Dr. Dr.
Gerhard-Domagk-Institut fUr Pathologie
der Universitiit Munster, Domagkstr. 17
4400 Munster, Federal Republic of Germany
C.L. BERRY, Professor, M.D., Ph.D., ER.C. Path.
Department of Morbid Anatomy, The London Hospital,
London E11BB, United Kingdom
With 102 Figures and 11 Tables
ISBN-13:978-3-642-75521-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-75519-4
DOl: 10.1007978-3-642-75519-4
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
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List of Contributors
BELISLE, C., Departement d'A natomie,
Dr. Universite de Montreal,
CP 6128 Succ. A,
Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
BODEWADT-RADzUN, S., Pathologisches Institut
Dr. der Universitat Kiel,
MichaelisstraBe 11,
0-2300 Kiel
BRADO, B., Pathologisches Institut
Dr. der Universitat Heidelberg,
1m Neuenheimer Feld 220,
0-6900 Heidelberg
CASTENHOLZ, A., Gesamthochschule Kassel,
Prof. Dr. Institut fUr Humanbiologie,
Universitat Kassel,
Heinrich-Plett-StraBe 40,
0-3500 Kassel
CHO, Y., Department of Surgery,
Dr. University of Illinois,
Chicago, IL 60612, USA
DE BRUYN, P. P. H., Department of Organismal Biology and
Dr. Anatomy and Committee on Immunology,
The University of Chicago,
1025 E. 57th Street
Chicago, IL 60637, USA
DELABIE, J., Department of Pathology II,
Dr. Laboratory of Histo- and Cytochemistry,
University Hospital St. Rafael,
Catholic University of Leuven,
B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
VI List of Contributors
DE WOLF-PEETERS, C., Department of Pathology II,
Prof. Dr. Laboratory of Histo- and Cytochemistry,
University Hospital St. Rafael,
Catholic University of Leuven,
B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
F ACCHETTI, F., Department of Pathology II,
Dr. Laboratory of Histo- and Cytochemistry,
University Hospital St. Rafael,
Catholic University of Leuven,
B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
FOSSUM, S., Anatomical Institute,
Dr. University of Oslo,
Karl Johansgate 47,
N-0162 Oslo 1, Norway
HANSMANN, M.-L. Pathologisches Institut
Prof. Dr. der UniversiHit Kiel,
Michaelisstra13e 11,
D-2300 Kiel
HOEFSMIT, E. C. M. Department of Cell Biology,
Prof. Dr. Division of Electron Microscopy
Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit,
Van der Boechorststraat 7,
NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
KAMPERDIJK, E. W A., Department of Cell Biology,
Dr. . Division of Electron Microscopy,
Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit,
Van der Boechorststraat 7,
NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
KROESE, F. G. M., Department of Histology and Cell Biology,
Dr. Immunology Section,
University of Groningen,
Oostersingel 69/1,
NL-9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands
MOLLER, P., Pathologisches Institut
PD, Dr. der Universitat Heidelberg,
1m Neuenheimer Feld 220,
D-6900 Heidelberg
List of Contributors VII
NIEUWENHUIS, P., Department of Histology
Prof. Dr. and Cell Biology, Immunology Section,
University of Groningen,
Oostersingel 69/1,
NL-9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands
PARWARESCH, M. R., Pathologisches Institut
Prof. Dr. der UniversiHit Kiel,
MichaelisstraBe 11,
0-2300 Kiel
PENG, F. S., Departement d' Anatomie,
Dr. Universite de Montreal,
CP 6128 Succ. A.,
Montreal, Quebec,
H3C 317, Canada
RADZUN, H. J., Pathologisches Institut
Prof. Dr. der Universitiit Kiel,
MichaelisstraBe 11,
0-2300 Kiel
SAINTE-MARIE, G., Departement d' Anatomie,
Dr. Universite de Montreal,
CP 6128 Succ. A.,
Montreal, Quebec,
H3C 317, Canada
TIMENS, W, Department of Pathology,
Dr. University of Groningen,
Oostersingel 69/1,
NL-9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands
VAN DEN OORD, J. J., Department of Pathology II,
Dr. Laboratory of Histo- and Cytochemistry,
University Hospital St. Rafael,
Catholic University of Leuven,
B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
VAN NIEUWKERK, E. B. J., Department of Cell Biology,
Dr. Division of Electron Microscopy,
Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit,
Van der Boechorststraat 7,
NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
VIII List of Contributors
VERDAASDONK, M.A. M., Department of Cell Biology,
Dr. Division of Electron Microscopy,
Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit,
Van der Boechorststraat 7,
NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
WACKER, H.-H., Pathologisches Institut
Dr. der Universitiit Kiel,
MichaelisstraBe 11,
D-2300 Kiel
Preface
Due to the topology and structure of the lymph nodes, their role in
the pathogenesis and development of diseases is a very special one.
Each organ and even each organ-related region of the body has its
own group of lymph nodes, specific topological reactions, such as in
circumscribed inflammation or in the metastatic spread of malignant
tumors. On the other hand, all the lymph nodes of an organism join
in a uniform function effected by highly differentiated structures.
Volume 84 of Current Topics in Pathology presents our current
knowledge about the structure and reaction patterns of this "sec
ondary" lymphoid organ. Despite our original intention to publish all
the contributions in one book, it became necessary to divide them:
Part 1 focuses on the involved nodal compartments, cell types, and
functions, while Part 2 describes their reactions in inflammatory, neo
plastic, and immune-deficient diseases. Even with the cooperation of
more than 30 authors, the coverage cannot be exhaustive. The scope
of both parts is limited to those reactions that can be described by
direct and indirect morphological methods, including modern tech
niques such as immune electron microscopy.
The opening chapter of Part 1 centers around the basic structures
and the cellular multiformity oflymph nodes in their respective func
tional contexts. In lymphoid tissue, cellular reactions cannot be fully
understood unless their basic architecture is also taken into consider
ation, as it is here. A valuable tool for this purpose is the three-dimen
sional respresentation of tissue at lower and higher magnifications in
combination with the corrosion cast technique. Insight into the nodal
architecture also improves our understanding of the intranodal pas
sage of blood and lymphoid cells. Each compartment of the lymph
node is linked to this flow of blood and lymphoid cells and equipped
with a specific reactivity, for example in the different strata of the
cortex and medulla.
One chapter is devoted to the deep cortex, and its functional units
describing their specific reactions to antigenic stimulation. The corre
lation of structure and function is particularly evident in a compara
tive study of lymph nodes in nude and euthymic rats.
Of particular significance regarding the passage of lymphocytes
through the nodes are the high endothelia of postcapillary venules,
x Preface
since the attachment of lymphocytes to these endothelia represents
the first phase of transmural lymphocyte passage, followed by their
eventual penetration. There is an obvious lymphocyte-endothelial
interaction that is of considerable importance under normal condi
tions and exhibits specific reactions to pathologic changes.
The functional structure of lymph nodes corresponds with a
specific disposition of immunoactive cells. Germinal centers are the
chief site of B cells and the B cell immune reaction. One chapter
presents the other cell types within that zone, such as germinal center
T cells, dendritic reticulum cells, and macrophages. Pathologic condi
tions evoke typical germinal center reactions of varying specificity.
T lymphocytes, in contrast, are not subject to such strict local
confinement. Though their preferred site is the paracortex, they are
also found in immune-stimulated areas and, during the immune re
sponse proper, in other compartments of the node, where they may
form T nodules or special organoid structures depending on the ac
tual stage of the response. A cell type particular to the T zones of
human lymphoid tissue is known as the plasmacytoid T cells or plas
macytoid monocytes. Although their function is largely unclear, they
are known to express CD4 antigen in the absence of B cell antigens.
In rodent and human lymph nodes professional "accessory cells"
have the capacity to stimulate specific T or B cell responses following
antigen pulsing. Most of them have a tree-like appearance, and the
term "dendritic cells" is widely used. Corresponding to the bimodal
differentiation of lymphocytes, there seem to be two types of den
dritic accessory cells: those involved in cellular immunity (T accessory
cells) and those involved in humoral immunity (B accessory cells).
The functional activities of these cells is comprehensively presented
for the first time.
Two chapters are devoted to the role of macrophages in the struc
tural and functional syste:rn of the lymph node. The first describes the
characteristic types of macrophages attributed to the different com
partments of the node, including the Langerhans' cells of the skin.
These may pick up and transport antigen as "veiled cells" by way of
the afferent lymphatics and subcapsular sinus into the outer cortex of
the node. Also, Langerhans' cells are known to share Fc receptors
and CR1 with the macrophages and to express macrophage-specific
markers. The second describes the different phenotypic features of
macrophages, using a set of fairly specific reagents. Reference is also
made to classification and to certain other features distinguishing
between professional phagocytes and non phagocytic dentritic cells
that are specialized for the processing and the presenting of antigens.
Here, too, a bimodal differentiation of cells reflects their functional
engagement in either cellular or humoral immunity.
Immune electron microscopy is of great assistance in the ultra
structural localization of target antigens. The value of this approach
Preface XI
is exemplified in the distinction of Band T cells and of the macro
phage subtypes, the interdigitating and dendritic cells, and the sinus
lining cells. Further consideration is given to the problems of tissue
preservation and of the predictability of required electron density of
various structures, especially in the nuclear cell compartments.
Part 1 of this volume attempts to survey the relevant structural
and functional relationships between the different compartments of
the lymph node, with particular emphasis on the different cell compo
nents involved, thereby providing the base for Part 2, which reviews
the specific reaction patterns of the nodes in neoplastic and immune
deficient disease.
Munster, June 1990 EKKEHARD GRUNDMANN
EKKEHARD VOLLMER