Reaction-bonded boron carbide for lightweight armor

60 Pages·2017·7.6 MB·English

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AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
e m e r g i n g c e r a m i c s & g l a s s t e c h n o l o g y
AUGUST 2017
Reaction-bonded boron
carbide for lightweight armor
Annual commodity summary | Big data meets material science | German ceramic R&D update
NEXT GENERATION CERAMICS
FOR ARMOR AND DEFENSE
Learn more at coorstek.com
© 2017 02442 A
contents
A u g u s t 2 0 1 7 • V o l . 9 6 N o . 6
feature articles
Reaction-bonded boron carbide
y 20 36
for lightweight armor: The inter-
r relationship between processing, Future of high-performance ceram-
o
microstructure, and mechanical ics—The German perspective
t
s properties German academic, government, and
r With adequate understanding of process- industry experts prioritized five core appli-
e ing parameters and resulting material cations for ceramic R&D in a roadmap
v properties, reaction bonding offers a rela- and follow-up study.
tively inexpensive alternative fabrication
o by Wolfgang Rossner
method for lightweight ceramic armor.
c
by Shmuel Hayun
27 40
Annual commodity summary Big data meets materials science:
indicates modest growth, Training the future generation
incredible potential
Capitalizing on the promise of “big data”
Salient statistics and trends from the will require materials scientists who are
United States Geological Survey Mineral trained in data informatics. Several univer-
Commodity Summaries 2017. sities are answering the call.
by April Gocha by Elizabeth Dickey and Greer Arthur
30
Boron carbide-based armors:
Problems and possible solutions
A critical assessment of recent advances in
understanding of the nature and possible
root causes of shear-induced amorphiza-
tion in boron carbide for lightweight armor On the cover
applications.
A shattered BorLite reaction-bonded boron carbide armor plate, manu-
by Atta U. Khan, Vladislav Domnich, factured by Paxis Ltd. (Savion, Israel), after impact with 7.62X63 AP M2
and Richard A. Haber projectiles. For more information, contact Itzhak Mutzary, CEO of Paxis, at
[email protected].
departments columns meetings
News & Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Business and Market View . . . 12 PACRIM12 recap ...........45
Transparent ceramics
Spotlight .................... 7 CEX 2017 recap ............46
by Margareth Gagliardi
Ceramics in Energy .......... 13 MS&T17 ...................48
Research Briefs ..............16 Deciphering the Discipline . . . 56
Sintering 2017 .............50
Geopolymers as alternative cements
by Kaushik Sankar
resources

New Products ..............51

Change is coming...turn to page 3 for Calendar ..................52

a special message from the leaders of Classified Advertising .......53
ACerS, AIST, and TMS about MS&T! Display Ad Index ...........55
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 1
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David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian
American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic
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ACSBA7, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp 1–56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.
2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6
A message from the leaders of ACerS, AIST, and TMS about MS&T
Greetings to all ACerS, AIST, and TMS members:
We want to share with you that change is coming to the annual technical meeting and exhibition series, MS&T (Materials Science &
Technology). You know this industry-leading event as a unique collaboration between The American Ceramic Society; ASM International; the
Association for Iron and Steel Technology; and The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. The change is that ASM will leave the partnership as
of MS&T20.
We know this development likely leaves you with questions, and we’d like to take a moment to assure you that MS&T’s future as the leading
materials science and engineering conference is brighter than ever.
First, we thank ASM for its past and still-to-be realized contributions to MS&T, as they will indeed remain a full partner of the event until 2020.
Second, we confirm that MS&T will continue well beyond 2020 to serve the entire materials science and engineering community. The partners
see the long-term future of the New MS&T as remarkably bright, shining with collaboration, cooperation, and your participation.
Third, we will utilize this opportunity to expand the meeting’s traditional open platform that welcomes contributions addressing all materials,
inclusive of theoretical as well as characterization and manufacturing technologies. The New MS&T also will emphasize emerging as well
as cross-cutting materials science and technology. We envision opportunities for interdisciplinary programming and working with more
communities and more societies, such as our current collaborations with the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) and the
Metallurgy and Materials Society (MetSoc) of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Fourth, the New MS&T expands beyond the sum of our parts. We will take steps to accentuate individual society contributions to the meeting.
Symposia organized by ACerS, AIST, and TMS will be labelled as such, and symposia organized collaboratively by two or more societies will be
collaboratively branded. The New MS&T will be stronger as each society displays a unique presence and identity for its member community.
These new contributions will include the “new” ACerS Annual Meeting, the AIST Advanced Steel Properties & Applications Forum, the TMS Fall
Meeting, and additional interdisciplinary MS&T programming.
Fifth, the New MS&T will be about more than programming. MS&T is historically the conference home of the Material Advantage student
program and its key annual events. As such, Material Advantage will feature strongly in the New MS&T, and we will continue to make the
experience essential for undergraduates and graduates alike while seeking to expand our portfolio of career-development opportunities.
Finally, we also recognize the importance of industrial engagement at the New MS&T, and we are in the midst of developing new strategies to
expand the exhibition floor, providing greater value to exhibitors and a quality experience for attendees.
We hope that you can sense our excitement about the new opportunities for MS&T in the years ahead. Emphasizing our diversity as societies—
and as individual members, scientists, and engineers—it is also our combined strengths that will transform MS&T to be an inclusive experience
for the global materials science and technology community.
On behalf of our materials science and technology community,
William E. Lee (ACerS President) Randy C. Skagen (AIST President) David H. DeYoung (TMS President)
Charlie Spahr (ACerS Executive Director) Ronald E. Ashburn (AIST Executive Director) James J. Robinson (TMS Executive Director)
P.S. to our ACerS members,
The New MS&T offers a great opportunity for ACerS divisions to expand their
participation and gain greater visibility at MS&T. Watch the ACerS Bulletin and
Ceramic Tech Today for more information in the coming months.
See you at MS&T!
Bill Lee
news & trends
Apple’s investment in Corning is The partnership may have begun property, patents, and most important, a
investment in US manufacturing in 2007, but Apple, like a wayward research team for its signature product:
boyfriend, had a brief relationship a Gorilla Glass—something Apple needs to
Apple’s latest announcement of its
few years ago when it inked a deal with make its signature product, the iPhone.
$200 million investment in Corning’s
sapphire manufacturer GT Advanced “Corning’s longstanding relationship
manufacturing facility in Harrodsburg,
Technologies (GTAT). GTAT contracted with Apple…has also helped create near-
Ky., solidified its commitment to
with Apple to make sapphire screens for ly 1,000 American jobs and allowed us
manufacturing in the United States.
Apple’s products. After that relationship to continue growing and expanding in
The Harrodsburg plant has been churn-
soured, Apple appears to have put a ring the U.S.,” Weeks added in the release.
ing out screens made of Gorilla Glass
on Corning’s finger with its $200 million “This investment will ensure our plant
for Apple iPhones since 2007. And
investment. Now that is commitment. in Harrodsburg remains a global center
although a majority of Gorilla Glass is
“A chapter that will not only enable of excellence for glass technology.”
made overseas near Apple’s other sup-
next-generation mobile consumer A Lexington Herald article from 2012
pliers, the Harrodsburg facility is where
electronics, but also sustain and create mentioned Corning was adding 80 jobs
Corning’s researchers develop and fine-
high-value manufacturing jobs,” Corning at $25/hour back then. It would be an
tune their ideas and processes.
CEO Wendell Weeks said in his com- added bonus if Apple’s latest investment
“This partnership started 10 years
pany’s press release. resulted in more jobs in this rural town
ago with the very first iPhone, and today
Corning is sitting pretty well in this of 8,300+. n
every customer that buys an iPhone or
relationship. They hold the intellectual
iPad anywhere in the world touches glass
that was developed in America,” Apple’s
COO Jeff Williams states in a company Business news
press release.
Nano Dimension and Semplastics to to drive business growth for ceramic
build 3-D low-density and high-thickness tile manufacturers (www.xaar.com)…
ceramics (www.nano-di.com)…Guardian Saint-Gobain invests in continuity of its
Glass selects Carleton, Mich. site for new plants and jobs in France with new float
jumbo coater (www.guardianglass. glass line (www.saint-gobain.com)…
com)…DOE announces $15.8M University of Waterloo lab will help shape
investment for innovation in hydrogen the future of industrial 3-D printing
and fuel cell technologies (www.energy. (https://uwaterloo.ca)…Kyocera receives
gov)…Through first four months, glass class Y certification for semiconductor
imports and exports go opposite ways assembly services (https://americas.
(www.usglassmag.com)…IBM research kyocera.com)…DOE advances $32M in
alliance builds new transistor for 5 nm funding for advanced technologies (www.
technology (www.prnewswire.com)… energy.gov)…Heraeus 3-D-printed
China National Building Material to turn steering shaft bearing reduces weight
mbra¯ns; Flickr CC BY 2.0 H(acwenordwna gmKw yKi.coso ccncemgor’maps .ptCcoooh ncimneoanl)l… taGsb lTo(aworsasswth eiwin bot.aont o Mgnsliahottrbieibdaraeli a- gltsima natt bcomfyo o m3au-sn)D… tme cdAuu cGrdvhCise apdbsl eac g5yosi0vn e%(swr mg(wwlaawwsss.swp pfr.ornhoree dcwruaacsret-wuiosinr.e .
Credit: Ka¯rlis Da .acdod.ijtpio/neanlg m)…anCuofrancitnugr intog ininv eHsetf eini (www. cofo mne)w… sPtOeeSlC fOor mcoimngp lleatbeosr actoonrys t(rhutcttpio:/n/
Apple’s recent announcement of a corning.com)…Asahi India Glass to invest globalblog.posco.com)…JEOL introduces
multimillion-dollar investment in Corning’s Rs 500 cr on new plant in Gujarat (www. world’s fastest direct write electron beam
glass R&D is a welcome sign for U.S. aisglass.com)…Xaar’s technologies tool (www.jeolusa.com) n
manufacturing.
4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6
Essential Phone joins list of pany is not concerned with being able to to a new-device-hungry world.
smartphones featuring supply millions and millions of devices “For Apple, Samsung, and even LG,
ceramic exteriors
At the Consumer Electronics Show Made In Montana • Sold to the World
earlier this year, electronics giant Xiaomi
unveiled its new Mi Mix, the first smart-
phone with an all ceramic body made of
microcrystal zirconium oxide. Although it
turned heads because it was sleek, scratch-
resistant, and ultimately different, con-
sumers were not satisfied with the phone’s
propensity to crack when dropped.
And then there are the rumors about
the upcoming Apple iPhone 8—will it or
will it not be made of ceramic? Or will
it feature an all-glass body instead? The
rumors are sure to continue swirling
until its release later this year.
As authors Arun Varshneya and Peter
Bihuniak wrote in a feature article in
Give Ceramists Something to Think About
the June/July 2017 issue of the ACerS
Bulletin, consumer aesthetic preferences
seem to be winning out over functional-
CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES
ity when it comes to smartphone design.
• Blue and Red Glazes and Glass • Iron Spot Brick
They were specifically discussing smart-
• Ferrites
phone screens, but we might soon add
smartphone bodies to that discussion if
the ceramic trend continues.
Which it seems to be doing, at least CUPROUS OXIDE ZINC OXIDES
for now—another smartphone is about • Blue Glass and Glaze • For Ferrite, Brick,
to enter the market that again features a • Brick Colorants and Ferrites Fibre Glass
ceramic exterior. However, this device is
the debut from an entirely new company
called Essential.
Copper and Zinc Oxides for Ferrites
Essential’s new smartphone, called
simply Phone, is creating quite the Copper, Brass, Bronze and Tin Powders
stir for a first product offering from a Plants in Montana and Tennessee • Stock Available Worldwide
company a tiny fraction of the size of
the giants that currently dominate that
AMERICAN CHEMET CORPORATION
massive smartphone market. But that is
because the guy behind Essential, Andy 740 Waukegan Road, Suite 202
Rubin, is the architect of Android. Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA
Essential’s startup status could be part
[phone]
of the draw—the company can do things
www.chemet.com
with its Phone that the bigger guys can-
not (or will not) try, because the com- [email protected]
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 5
news & trends
crafting a ceramic phone is a pointless on solid concrete, the Essential Phone’s allowed us to get cost down to the point
adventure that would cost way too much titanium enclosure survived the fall with- where it’s both feasible and flawless.” n
to pursue, owing to their decision-making out blemish, unlike the aluminum com-
hierarchies and processes,” author Vlad petitor devices,” Essential’s website states.
Savov writes in a story on The Verge. “But Of course, that statement only indi-
for a small outfit like Rubin’s Essential, it cates that the titanium survived without
can be a passionate project of refinement blemish, not the ceramic or glass materi-
that ends up delivering a number of desir- als on either side.
able intangibles for the consumer.” Nonetheless, we know that Gorilla
While the details are scant so far, Glass 5 is Corning’s strongest formula-
Essential’s Phone will reportedly have a tion yet. Although Essential touts the
ceramic back, a Corning Gorilla Glass 5 sensations and feeling of the Phone’s
cover screen that slightly curves onto the ceramic back, the company has provided
edges (like the current Apple iPhone), little detail on what ceramic it actually is
and a titanium frame to protect its edges. or how it is manufactured.
According to Essential’s website, its The only technical details Essential
titanium frame provides significant pro- provides are saying that the ceramic was a
tnseleecceteikos scniet rwya htmheainct tbwhoaeds pym.hiosnsien gis fdorro Xpipaeodm, ia’ s cbfiherecadallu.e sn“eWg eth ete os pmienanctote rrmpiaool rnsahtthersi n inakntsod 2 tm5h%eo nP wthhhosen, neb ut Credit: Essential
Essential’s new smartphone, called simple
“When performing a corner drop test we eventually honed in on a process that
Phone, is the latest personal electronic
device to feature a hard ceramic exterior.
Corporate Partner news
Lithoz America brings ceramic additive manufacturing software, and materials for additive manufacturing of high quality
to New York advanced ceramics including alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, bio-
Lithoz celebrated the opening of its first subsidiary, Lithoz medical ceramics, and ceramic cores for investment casting. Lithoz
America LLC, on May 3 at the Rensselaer Technology Park in Troy, America provides materials and product development, materials
N.Y. Lithoz America vice president Shawn Allan, along with Lithoz production, and Lithoz CeraFab systems sales and support for addi-
GmbH (Vienna, Austria) CEO Johannes Homa and CTO Johannes tive manufacturing of ceramics in the United States and Canada. n
Benedikt, welcomed more than 50 guests from around the north-
east region at the 3,000 ft2 newly renovated facility. A Lithoz Applied Ceramics launches ‘e-AppliedCeramics’
CeraFab 7500 stereolithography printer demonstrated printing project
of alumina bone screws during the party, providing an introduc- Applied Ceramics (Fremont,
tion to the process. Lithoz develops and produces machines, Calif.) has launched a new
project, “e-AppliedCeramics,”
that will stimulate the com-
pany’s development, growth,
and competitive advantage as
a significant business in Croatia’s industrial market, further comple-
menting its competitive place within the European Union market-
place. The primary objective of the project is to invest in advanced
information communications technology solutions and equip-
ment that will accelerate its business and production processes.
Achieving the objective and implementing the “e-AppliedCeramics”
project will increase sales of Applied Ceramics by the end of 2019
Credit: Lithoz aseenrsmd iioncpdoeinvndid unuceatwolsr jtocobo ‘smv oipnto etn hweeni tpthsr o thadteu icrut niwopnar lelaecnte’dd teponr odtecirdee sclsteliyvn egflu son.f d “h Iritge hne emqwupaaoblwitley-
(Left to right) Lithoz America vice president Shawn Allan
and Lithoz GmbH CEO Johannes Homa and CTO Johannes energy research and lay the foundation of the energy economy of
Benedikt celebrate the opening of Lithoz America LLC at the tomorrow,” she adds. Learn more at www.appliedceramics.net. n
Rensselaer Technology Park in Troy, N.Y.
6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6
ac s spotlight
er
Materials
Society and Division news mate Research,
AItaCAleyCr Secrh Saa bppoptaerrodr svoef sd irneectwor sI napdpirao vaend dth e cabanintdieo stnh, sae srin mw saeoll llb iadas r ormixeierdn ect oofaurtieninl gcg esa lnfl odmr tagrtaaeisrn itiaunlrsg- Credit: Institute of Energy and CliSynthesis and Processing
highly skilled professionals. n Robert Vaßen (left).
establishment of two new international
chapters at its May meeting. The Society
welcomes founding members of the India
and Italy chapters! They join the U.K.
Chapter in representing ACerS members
around the world. The India Chapter is
headquartered in Greater Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, and Lalit Kumar Sharma serves
as chair. The Italy Chapter is headquar-
tered in Torino, and is cochaired by
Monica Ferraris and Paolo Colombo.
To better serve its international
members, ACerS supports the forma-
tion of international chapters when
requested by members in regions or
localities outside of the U.S. where con-
centrations of ACerS members reside.
ACerS international chapters work
cooperatively with national and regional
ceramic, glass, and materials societies to
further promote the local and regional
ceramics and glass community. Your kiln. Like no other.
In addition to regular ACerS mem-
ber benefits, members of international
Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop
chapters have access to programming
responds with engineered solutions to meet
and networking opportunities with
your exact firing requirements. For more
other local and regional ACerS mem- than 90 years, we have been supplying
bers. Each chapter holds at least two custom kilns across a wide range of both
technical, educational, or professional traditional and advanced ceramic markets.
events per year. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our
For more information regarding three-phase application engineering process
is what separates Harrop from “cookie
ACerS international chapters, contact
cutter” kiln suppliers.
Belinda Raines, outreach manager, at
• Thorough technical and economic
[email protected]. n
analysis to create the "right"kiln for
your specific needs
Names in the News • Robust, industrial design and construction Fire our imagination
• After-sale service for commissioning and www.harropusa.com
Vaßen inducted into ASM Thermal operator training.
Spray Society Hall of Fame Harrop's experienced staff is exceptionally
qualified to become your partners in pro-
Robert Vaßen, Forschungszentrum
viding the kiln most appropriate to your
Jülich GmbH, IEK-1, was inducted into
application.
the ASM Thermal Spray Society Hall of
Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call
Fame at the International Thermal Spray
us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special
Conference in Dusseldorf, Germany, on
requirements.
June 8, 2017. Vaßen was recognized for
his thermal spray developments for appli-
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7
ac s spotlight
er
Society and Division news (continued)
Gogotsi was instrumental in devel- Committee of the Fédération
oping MXenes (a new family of 2–D Européenne of the Fabricants de
materials) and other new nanomaterials Produits Réfractaires.
that his group is developing for energy, Quirmbach founded the European
water, and health applications. n Center for Refractories (ECREF) in
Credit: Aldo Boccaccini Qdoucirtmorbaatech receives honorary Htenrneaöttihiwnsrtio-nsGr gkar naefdonn rdzd h teehavdueeu slEeocnaupt,rmi oowepnhne itoac nfho yfhs oauiug prhnep-gs o ersatcrsic -h
Aldo Boccaccini, (center) with Ilka Peter Quirmbach, profes- temperature industry. n
Parchmann, (left), vice president of
sor of technical chemistry
Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and
and corrosive science at In memoriam
Rainer Adelung, (right), KiNSIS.
the University of Koblenz- Warren E. Beck
Boccaccini awarded Diels- Landau, was awarded an Robert Farris
Planck-Lecture 2017 honorary doctorate from Eric Gregory
Quirmbach the TU Bergakademie
Aldo R. Boccaccini, head of the Bland A. Stein
Freiberg, Germany. He is honorary pro-
Institute of Biomaterials, University Milan Vukovich Jr.
fessor at the university, CEO of the
of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany,
Visit ACerS website for more obituaries
German Institute for Refractory and
was awarded the Diels-Planck-Lecture www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam.
Ceramics, and head of the Technical
2017. The annual award is presented
by the Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface
Science (KiNSIS) forum.
Awards and deadlines
Boccaccini delivered the lecture
"Bioactive Materials and Biofabrication
Upcoming nomination deadlines
for Regenerating Tissues: Progress
and Challenges" on June 7 at the 3rd August 15, 2017 conspicuous achievement in the industry,
European Symposium on Intelligent Engineering Ceramics Division sec- or by outstanding service to the Society.
Materials in Kiel. n retary: Nominees will be presented for Nominees should be persons of good
approval at the ECD annual business reputation who have reached their 35th
meeting at MS&T17 and included on birthday and have been continuous mem-
ACerS spring 2018 division officer bers of the Society for at least five years.
ballot. Submit nominations with a Visit www.bit.ly/SocietyFellowsAward to
short description of the candidate’s download the nomination form. Visit
qualifications to Michael C. Halbig www.bit.ly/FellowsHints to learn how to
Yury Gogotsi (center) is installed as Credit: Drexel University (NUJEuASnCAiSDcA,h m-niG oTilcmeahntiaannema l.Rtici,e. nhYsgeao alckbroocimghh@a mCmnieatants eaNte.eg arco,th ivoa; nira)l, pSVreaeprptsaehrmen beaye Fra e 1Fll,ro 2ow0ns1t n7ie orms oinf aGtiolans.s Lectures:
Charles T. and Ruth M. Bach Professor. University, Japan, [email protected]; The lectures encourage scientific and
or Tatsuki Ohji, National Institute technical dialog in glass topics of signifi-
Gogotsi installed as inaugural of Advanced Industrial Science and cance that define new horizons, highlight
Charles T. and Ruth M. Bach Technology, Japan, [email protected]. new research concepts, or demonstrate
Professor Visit www.ceramics.org/divisions for the potential to develop products and
more information. processes for the benefit of humankind.
Yury Gogotsi was installed as Both will be presented at the GOMD
Distinguished University and Charles August 25, 2017 meeting in May 2018 in San Antonio,
T. and Ruth M. Bach Professor at 2018 Class of Society Fellows recogniz- Texas. Submit nominations to Erica at
Drexel University on May 1. The $2.2M es members who have made outstanding [email protected]. For details,
endowed professorship will be used to contributions to the ceramic arts or sci- visit www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. n
fund his current and future research. ences through productive scholarship or
8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6