REECENT TTRENDS IN ILLEGGAL DRRUG USEE IN NEW ZEAALAND, 22006‐20011 Finndings from the 22006, 20007, 2008,, 2009, 2010 and 20011 Illicit Drug Moonitoringg System (IDMS) C. Wilkins P. Sweetsur B. Smart C. Warne S. Jawalkarr Social aand Health OOutcomes Ressearch and EEvaluation Schoool of Public Health Masssey Universiity, P O Box 66137, Wellessley St, Auckkland, New ZZealand July 2012 © SHORE and Whariki Research Centre ISBN 1 877428 19 1 Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 9 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 22 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Aims of IDMS ................................................................................................................................... 28 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 28 1.3 Survey of frequent drug users ......................................................................................................... 30 1.4 Secondary data sources ................................................................................................................... 30 1.5 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 31 1.6 Weighting of the sample .................................................................................................................. 32 2. Demographics ........................................................................................................................................ 34 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 Gender ............................................................................................................................................. 34 2.3 Age ................................................................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Ethnicity ........................................................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Employment status .......................................................................................................................... 38 2.6 Education ......................................................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Sexual orientation ............................................................................................................................ 40 2.8 Marital status ................................................................................................................................... 41 2.9 Accommodation ............................................................................................................................... 42 2.10 Physical health ............................................................................................................................... 42 2.11 Mental health ................................................................................................................................ 43 2.12 Summary of demographic characteristics ..................................................................................... 45 3. Drug use patterns ................................................................................................................................... 47 SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, School of Public Health 3 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Lifetime use of drug types by frequent methamphetamine users ................................................... 49 3.3 Lifetime use of drug types by frequent ecstasy (MDMA) users ....................................................... 52 3.4 Lifetime use of drug types by frequent injecting drug users ............................................................ 55 3.5 Current drug use of the frequent methamphetamine users ............................................................ 59 3.6 Current drug use of the frequent ecstasy (MDMA) users ................................................................ 64 3.7 Current drug use of the frequent injecting drug users ..................................................................... 68 3.7 Summary of drug patterns ................................................................................................................ 73 4. Emerging drug types ............................................................................................................................... 77 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 77 4.2 Drug types used for first time in past six months ............................................................................. 78 7.2 Summary of Emerging drugs ............................................................................................................ 89 5. Methamphetamine ................................................................................................................................ 90 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Knowledge of methamphetamine trends ........................................................................................ 91 5.3 Availability of methamphetamine .................................................................................................... 91 5.4 Price of methamphetamine .............................................................................................................. 95 5.5 Price of pseudoephedrine .............................................................................................................. 102 5.6 Strength of methamphetamine ...................................................................................................... 103 5.7 Perceptions of the number of people using methamphetamine ................................................... 107 5.8 Purchase of methamphetamine ..................................................................................................... 110 5.9 Seizures of methamphetamine ...................................................................................................... 115 5.10 Methamphetamine laboratories .................................................................................................. 115 5.11 Pseudoephedrine and ephedrine seizures ................................................................................... 116 5.12 Summary of methamphetamine trends ....................................................................................... 118 6. Crystal methamphetamine .................................................................................................................. 120 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 120 6.2 Knowledge of crystal methamphetamine trends ........................................................................... 120 6.3 Availability of crystal methamphetamine....................................................................................... 120 6.4 Price of crystal methamphetamine ................................................................................................ 122 4 Table of Contents 6.5 Purity of crystal methamphetamine ............................................................................................... 126 6.6 Perceptions of the number of people using crystal methamphetamine ....................................... 128 6.7 Summary of crystal methamphetamine trends ............................................................................. 129 7. Ecstasy .................................................................................................................................................. 130 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 130 7.2 Knowledge of ecstasy trends .......................................................................................................... 131 7.3 Drug types perceived to be in ecstasy ............................................................................................ 131 7.4 Availability of ecstasy ..................................................................................................................... 132 7.5 Price of ecstasy ............................................................................................................................... 136 7.6 Strength of ecstasy ......................................................................................................................... 142 7.7 Perceptions of the number of people using ecstasy ...................................................................... 145 7.8 Purchase of ecstasy ........................................................................................................................ 147 7.9 Seizures of ecstasy .......................................................................................................................... 154 7.10 Summary of ecstasy trends .......................................................................................................... 155 8. Cannabis ............................................................................................................................................... 156 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 156 8.2 Knowledge of cannabis trends ....................................................................................................... 157 8.3 Availability of cannabis ................................................................................................................... 157 8.4 Price of cannabis ............................................................................................................................. 161 8.5 Strength of cannabis ....................................................................................................................... 165 8.6 Perceptions of the number of people using cannabis .................................................................... 166 8.7 Purchase of cannabis ...................................................................................................................... 169 8.8 Seizures of cannabis plants ............................................................................................................ 174 8.9 Summary of cannabis trends .......................................................................................................... 176 9. LSD ........................................................................................................................................................ 178 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 178 9.2 Knowledge of LSD trends ................................................................................................................ 178 9.3 Availability of LSD ........................................................................................................................... 178 9.4 Price of LSD ..................................................................................................................................... 180 9.5 Strength of LSD ............................................................................................................................... 182 SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, School of Public Health 5 9.6 Perceptions of the number of people using LSD ............................................................................ 184 9.7 Seizures of LSD ................................................................................................................................ 184 9.8 Summary of LSD trends .................................................................................................................. 186 10. Street Morphine ................................................................................................................................. 187 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 187 10.2 Knowledge of street morphine ..................................................................................................... 187 10.3 Availability of street morphine ..................................................................................................... 188 10.4 Price of street morphine ............................................................................................................... 189 10.5 Purity of street morphine ............................................................................................................. 191 10.6 Perceptions of the number of people using street morphine ...................................................... 192 10.7 Purchase of street morphine ........................................................................................................ 192 10.8 Seizures of opioids ........................................................................................................................ 195 10.9 Summary of street morphine trends ............................................................................................ 197 11. Cocaine ............................................................................................................................................... 198 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 198 11.2 Knowledge of cocaine trends ....................................................................................................... 198 11.3 Availability of cocaine ................................................................................................................... 199 11.4 Price of cocaine ............................................................................................................................. 201 11.5 Purity of cocaine ........................................................................................................................... 203 11.6 Perceptions of the number of people using cocaine .................................................................... 205 11.7 Seizures of cocaine ....................................................................................................................... 206 11.8 Summary of cocaine trends .......................................................................................................... 207 12. Heroin ................................................................................................................................................. 208 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 208 12.2 Knowledge of heroin trends ......................................................................................................... 208 12.3 Availability of heroin ..................................................................................................................... 208 12.4 Price of heroin .............................................................................................................................. 210 12.5 Purity of heroin ............................................................................................................................. 211 12.6 Perceptions of the number of people using heroin ..................................................................... 213 12.7 Summary of heroin trends ............................................................................................................ 214 6 Table of Contents 13. Homebake morphine/heroin ............................................................................................................. 215 13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 215 13.2 Knowledge of homebake morphine/ heroin trends ..................................................................... 215 13.3 Availability of homebake morphine/ heroin ................................................................................ 215 13.4 Perceptions of the number of people using homebake morphine/ heroin ................................. 217 13.5 Summary of homebake morphine/heroin trends ........................................................................ 218 14. Street methadone .............................................................................................................................. 219 14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 219 14.2 Knowledge of street methadone trends ...................................................................................... 219 14.3 Availability of street methadone .................................................................................................. 220 14.4 Perceptions of the number of people using street methadone ................................................... 221 14.5 Summary of street methadone trends ......................................................................................... 222 15. Street BZP ........................................................................................................................................... 223 15.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 223 15.2 Knowledge of street BZP trends ................................................................................................... 223 15.3 Availability of street BZP ............................................................................................................... 224 15.4 Perceptions of the number of people using street BZP ............................................................... 226 15.5 Summary of street BZP trends ...................................................................................................... 228 16. Health risks and the social harm of drug use ..................................................................................... 229 16.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 229 16.2 Drug‐related life impacts .............................................................................................................. 229 16.3 Drug type responsible for drug‐related life impacts .................................................................... 234 16.4 Medical and health services ......................................................................................................... 235 16.5 Reasons for using drugs ................................................................................................................ 240 16.6 Drug Dependency ......................................................................................................................... 244 16.7 Mental illness ................................................................................................................................ 245 16.8 Summary of health risks and social harm from drug use ............................................................. 249 17. Drug and alcohol treatment ............................................................................................................... 252 17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 252 SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, School of Public Health 7 17.2 Extent needed help to reduce drug use ....................................................................................... 252 17.3 Wanted help to reduce drug use but did not get it ...................................................................... 254 17.4 Barriers encountered when looking for help to reduce drug use ................................................ 255 17.5 Drug treatment history ................................................................................................................. 260 17.6 Type of drug treatment programme ............................................................................................ 261 17.7 Drug type currently in drug treatment programme ..................................................................... 262 17.8 Calls to the Alcohol and Drug Help‐line ........................................................................................ 263 17.9 Community Alcohol and Drug Services (CADS) ............................................................................ 264 17.10 Summary of drug treatment ....................................................................................................... 266 18. Crime .................................................................................................................................................. 269 18.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 269 18.2 Property crime .............................................................................................................................. 270 18.3 Drug dealing .................................................................................................................................. 272 18.4 Fraud ............................................................................................................................................. 273 18.5 Crime involving violence ............................................................................................................... 274 18.6 Means used to pay for drug use ................................................................................................... 275 18.7 Summary of crime ........................................................................................................................ 284 19. Drug enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 287 19.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 287 19.2 History of arrest, conviction and imprisonment .......................................................................... 287 19.3 Drug treatment as part of sentencing .......................................................................................... 291 19.4 Recent arrest and imprisonment .................................................................................................. 292 19.5 Offences arrested for in past 12 months ...................................................................................... 295 19.6 Perceptions of the current level of drug enforcement................................................................. 296 19.7 Perceptions of the impact of drug enforcement .......................................................................... 299 19.8 Number of friends arrested .......................................................................................................... 300 19.9 Summary of drug enforcement .................................................................................................... 303 References ................................................................................................................................................ 305 Appendix 1: Lifetime drug use .................................................................................................................. 310 Appendix 2: Current drug use ................................................................................................................... 319 8 Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 2.1: Proportion of the frequent drug users who were male, 2006‐2011 ................................... 35 Figure 2.2: Mean age of the frequent drug users, 2006‐2011 ............................................................... 36 Figure 2.3: Proportion of the frequent drug users who were of European ethnicity, 2006‐2011 ........ 37 Figure 2.4: Proportion of the frequent drug users who were of Maori ethnicity, 2006‐2011 .............. 38 Figure 2.5: Proportion of the frequent drug users who were unemployed or on a sickness benefit, 2006‐2011 ........................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 2.6: Proportion of the frequent drug users who had no educational qualifications, 2006‐ 2011 .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 2.7: Mean score of perception of physical health by frequent drug user group, 2011 .............. 43 Figure 2.8: Mean score of perception of mental health by frequent drug user group, 2011 ............... 44 Figure 3.1: Proportion of frequent methamphetamine users who had ever used anti‐ depressants, opium poppies, oxycodone, synthetic cannabis and non‐BZP party pills, 2006‐ 2011 .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 3.2: Proportion of frequent methamphetamine users who had ever used cocaine, BZP and crystal methamphetamine (Ice), 2006‐2011 ............................................................................. 51 Figure 3.3: Mean age at which the frequent methamphetamine users had first tried GHB and crystal methamphetamine (Ice), 2006‐2011 .................................................................................... 52 Figure 3.4: Proportion of frequent ecstasy users who had ever used tobacco, Ritalin™ (methylphenidate), anti‐depressants, oxycodone and synthetic cannabis, 2006‐2011 .................. 53 Figure 3.5: Proportion of frequent ecstasy users who had ever used nitrous oxide, BZP, methamphetamine, GHB and crystal methamphetamine (Ice), 2006‐2011 .................................... 54 Figure 3.6: Mean age at which the frequent ecstasy users had first tried ecstasy, nitrous oxide, and GHB, 2006‐2011 ......................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 3.7: Proportion of frequent injecting drug users who had ever used methamphetamine, anti‐depressants, oxycodone and synthetic cannabis, 2006‐2011................................................... 56 Figure 3.8: Proportion of frequent injecting drug users who had ever used nitrous oxide and LSD, 2006‐2011 ................................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 3.9: Mean age at which the frequent injecting drug users had first tried Ritalin, methadone and benzodiazepines, 2006‐2011 ................................................................................. 58 Figure 3.10: Mean age at which the frequent injecting drug users had first tried crystal methamphetamine (Ice) and anti‐depressants, 2006‐2011 ............................................................. 58 Figure 3.11: Proportion of the frequent methamphetamine users who had used crystal methamphetamine (Ice), anti‐depressants, homebake heroin/morphine, synthetic cannabis and oxycodone in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ................................................................... 60 Figure 3.12: Proportion of the frequent methamphetamine users who had used LSD, BZP and nitrous oxide in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ...................................................................... 61 Figure 3.13: Mean number of days frequent methamphetamine users had used cannabis, methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine (Ice) in the previous six months (of those who had used these drug types in the previous six months), 2006‐2011 ........................................ 62 Figure 3.14: Mean number of days frequent methamphetamine users had used Ritalin™ (methylphenidate) and ecstasy in the previous six months (of those who had used these drug types in the previous six months), 2006‐2011 ......................................................................... 63 Figure 3.15: Proportion of frequent methamphetamine users who had injected BZP and oxycodone and methamphetamine in the previous six months (of those who had used these drugs in the previous six months), 2006‐2011........................................................................ 64 Figure 3.16: Proportion of the frequent ecstasy users who had used methylphenidate (Ritalin™), anti‐depressants and synthetic cannabis in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ......... 65 Figure 3.17: Proportion of the frequent ecstasy users who had used BZP, nitrous oxide, and crystal methamphetamine (Ice) in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ......................................... 66 Figure 3.18: Proportion of the frequent ecstasy users who had used cannabis, LSD and ketamine in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ............................................................................ 67 Figure 3.19: Mean number of days frequent ecstasy users had used methamphetamine, synthetic cannabis, BZP and ecstasy in the previous six months (of those who had used these drug types in the previous six months), 2006‐2011 ............................................................... 68 Figure 3.20: Proportion of the frequent injecting drug users who had used anti‐depressants, methamphetamine, oxycodone and synthetic cannabis in the previous six months, 2006‐ 2011 .................................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 3.21: Proportion of the frequent injecting drug users who had used nitrous oxide, ecstasy, benzodiazepines and BZP in the previous six months, 2006‐2011 ..................................... 70 Figure 3.22: Proportion of frequent injecting drug users who had injected methylphenidate (Ritalin™) methamphetamine, methadone and BZP in the previous six months (of those who had used these drugs in the previous six months), 2006‐2011 ................................................ 71 Figure 3.23: Mean number of days the frequent injecting drug users had used cannabis, crystal methamphetamine (Ice), anti‐depressants and BZP in the previous six months (of those who had used these drug types in the previous six months), 2006‐2011 ........................................ 72 Figure 4.1: Proportion of frequent drug users who had tried a drug type for the first time, 2009‐2011 ......................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 4.2: Proportion of frequent drug users who had tried a drug type for the first time by frequent drug user group, 2009‐2011 .............................................................................................. 79 Figure 4.3: Drug types the frequent ecstasy users had used for the first time (of those who had tried a drug for the first time), 2009‐2011 ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 4.4: Drug types the frequent methamphetamine users had used for the first time (of those who had tried a drug for the first time), 2009‐2011 .............................................................. 81 Figure 4.5: Drug types the frequent injecting drug users had used for the first time (of those who had tried a drug for the first time), 2009‐2011 ........................................................................ 82 Figure 4.6: Proportion of frequent drug users who noticed a new drug type, 2008‐2011 ................... 85 Figure 5.1: Mean score of the current availability of methamphetamine by combined frequent drug users, 2006‐2011 ...................................................................................................................... 92 Figure 5.2: Mean score of the current availability of methamphetamine by combined frequent drug users by location, 2006‐2011 ................................................................................................... 92 Figure 5.3: Mean score of the current availability of methamphetamine by location .......................... 93 10 List of figures
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