Re-inventing Africa: matriarchy, religion, and culture PDF
Preview Re-inventing Africa: matriarchy, religion, and culture
Aboutt hea uthor IfiA madieui masn a wawridnn-nigp oeatn adp olictlaai ctiavsi st welalsa na camdie.cS hhea lsi vienNd ig erainatd h UeK anids crurnetlays sitoaecp reosfsaotDr a rmtoutChol lgeeH,a nove.r Theer,s hteae cehsi nb ottheh D eaprmtenotfR eling ioatnhde AfricAamnei-rcaSnut diPeorsg rammPeor.ef srsA omadmieui s authooftr h e nitnliflM aualeeD aguhterFesm,ae lH usbasn( deZd Bokos1,89 8)w hicwho nt hCeho icOeut sntdaiAncga deBmoiock oft hYeea ra waridn1 g.8 g ParisfroeM aleD aguhteFemrsae,lH usbasn:Gd endaenrd zSnae nx AfricaSno cbiyeI �fiA madiume: 'eRqiurde raediinnga c orsusl-rtcau\lvm oens'utsdi ecso urse A bokow elrle srheceadc,la erwlryti tne,w itagh o obdbi lipohgy,r a ande fficielynp trocdeu-do net hacta bne d epeendud potno provloikvede iclsuyss i.oC'nho iMcaeg zaine 'Eestnsiraela dfirona gyn onei nterienfs nutdemade natlt hinking aboutte� issoufeg sne dearn ds eixn p r-eclonoails coie.t'i es GudaairnN,ig eria 'IAfim aidumaeN ,i egrisaconoi liosghta,ss t epopueotdf t he acadesmiildcie nteots a ckhledea o nt eh issoufre a csicosilta antohproyl.oA'frgi cEav esn t 'hTiiss at htasethx otub lerd e awdi dealnydi ncdlewusom en's sutdsis,eco ilsa icenacnehdsi sr.ytI owti sluler lbyea ni mportant staetneitmnt hcea ltoagoufae n ti-aclohilisostnt iroarhypi'.Weo sgt Africa '�ficeutullsyo saerrehced. .A.ne xterleiymmp ortcaonrntit bu ti.oA'nfri ca RE-INVENT ING AFR IC A Matriahry,cr elgiioann d cultrue lfAim adiume • ZedB ookLst d LONDON & NEW YORK Re-inAvfricentinga M:a triarcl!Jr,e ligiaoncndu lwtausfir resp tu blished byZ edB ooksL td7,C yn thia StreLeotn,d oNnI9 JFU,K and Room4 001,57 F ifAtvhen ueN,e wY orkNY, IOOIOU,S A in1 997· Distribu!eexdc lusini vtheel-u syA by-S tM artiPnr'essI sn,c ., - 157F ifth AvenueN,e wY orkNY, IQOIOU,S A. CopyrighItfiAni© a diume1,9 97 Covedre signbeydA ndreCwo rbett Seti nB askeravnidlU lnei vebry_sE waSnm ith Printaenddb ounidn t hUen itKeidn gdom byB iddlLet�dG ,u ilodrfda n9l{ ingL'ysn n - - - Ther igohftI fiAm adiUm-etob ei dentiafiste hdea uthoofr thiwso rhk asb eeans sertbeyhd e rin accordawnicttehh e C-opyrighDte,sg insa ndP atentg_Ac1t9,8 8. A catalogrueec ofrordth is booki _as vailfaorbmlt eh eB rit_i sh Library us-c IPh asb eeanp plifeOI"fd r omt heLib raroyfC ongress ISBN I 8564593 37 - cased ISBNI 85645g3 45 limp Contents Acknowledgements Vl Preface Vll Introudction Writin.Lgt\ friAcfar:i csaonc ihails toarnyd t hes ociology ofh istory I PartO ne Re-wriitng Hisotry 27 I Them atriarcrhoaolto sf A frica 29 2 Racea ndg ender: ChAenitkaDh i op's moprhaill osophy5 2 3 Theorizimnagt riaricnhA yf rickai:n shiidpe ologaineds sytsemsi nA fricaan dE urope 7I 4 Women'asc hievemeinntA sf ricpaonl itiscyaslt ems: transformciunlgt ufroer5 00y ears 89 5 Gendearn ds ocimaolv ementisnA fricaa W:e st Africeaxnp erience 109 6 Gendearn dt hec ontestaotfir oenl igiao hni:s torical perspectoinvA ef ricsaonc ieties I44 PartT wo Decoloniznig Hisotry 159 7 Africwaonm ena ndp olitiac hsi:s toorfyt ransformatiIo6nI 8 Cycleosf W esterinm perialfiesmmi:n isrma,c eg,e nde,r clasasn dp ower I83 Int hec ompanoyf w omen:l oves,t ruggcllea,sa sn do ur 9 feminisms I99 Index 208 v Acknowlegdements Mosto ft hesees sawyesr ew rittiennr espontsoei nvitleedc tures, keynoatded ressaensdd, i scussion with ainndtf erlileencdtsu aflrso m ·1 g 8gI9-=9 4Ia· m gratetfoui ln dividwuhaoli sn ititahteesdie n vitations andi nstituwthiiocnwhse lcoq1meed. I nt hed evelopmoef_nm ty ideas, reseacrecrht ainlya mpajloaryr eodl e;e qbuuatl ilmyp ortaarneste veral - frienwdhso,s ceo mmentcsr,i ticainsdmp sa ssionianttee rheastvbsee en a sou�coefe ncouragemeennatb,l imneg t oc ontinounet hiqsu esitn spiotfeg readti fficultHieerseI.,m ustm entioSna baS akaa.nHae,rbert Ekwe-EkwCeh,u kwunyeKraem aluA,l theJao nes-LecoLionuties, Brenn_eMra,h moodM amdani-E,r nesWta mba-dia-WaKmojboa-,S eb Amanora ndT handMia kiwane. Perhatphsem osti mportsaonutr ocfei nspiraftoirmo en d urintgh e passte veryaela rhsa sb eent he.�s uppoofrs tt udenatnsd �·tyhoeu th wherevIeh ra vgei velne cturEevse.nm orei nspirhianvgbe e enth e self- heldpe colonizeadtuicoant ieoffnoarlt bsy g rassroAfroitcsa nins our . - communitbioetshi nE uropaen.d t heU niteSdt ateass_,t hetyr yt o constrtuhceti orw nn ormsa ndi deals to counatnedrE urraocism centrism. AtZ edI t hanLko uisMeu rrafyo rs ayitnogm e,' weldlo ne1S'h e ·reatdh i·m sa n�scrainpdtf oughttog· e .ti td,e ciditnopg u bliwsiht hout . _c h�ngianngy th.i Tnhgankaslstoo F aroufko rh iss uppoarntd· e n couragement. an� My famihlasy beenp atients upportaisav lew ayMsa.n yt hanks tom y dadC,h-ieIfd eyoif-N nobim:a yy oul ivteor ecomrodr ep roverbs andw ritmea nym oreb ooks!·Thaalnsktoso m y childrKeenm,d ia nd Amadim,a yy ouc ontintuog er ows troinngc haracatnedar s s_ertiveness. Thisb ooki sd edicattoem dy grassro·oatcsa,d emaincdp olitical frienidnsL ondoni,n a ppreciaotfio ounrw orkt ogethoevre mra ny yearasn:,d t heg �nuienffeo ritns·t hed iaspoArfar ic-acno mmunittioe s constraulctte rnaatnitvie-,rnc ainsdtc ounter-impeepriisatleimsotl ogies ofs elf-represaenndst ealtfi-ogne nenroartmeadt aivneda nti:-mnaotrive ideals. VI Preface Theesseys ,swa rintb teweteen1 899a n1d9 92a,r aed icrtre elsotuf t wo procewshiscemhsig hste me unerldat,ye te,i na catluictnayn obte seapra.tT ehedya rmey i nvoelnvaetnm edpx erieinnac ceamsdi eaan d the claosnts hroeon ohema nadn,ds oicaaln pd olitlii ncvaomlevnet witshet ocinosf t hAefr iccaonmm uintoyn t hoet h.Ie rrsrpeeicvotef lolci,ati yna goegrpahailcs enasletl,eh e s sapcehsva ep reodv tob e aernaosfc onttaetsoifoi nd eaansdt ,ehe rofroef,p owe.r Poweisrh reed efineidn ttwhsoe e ntsheasht va eIu seidt tihsnee esyssaO.n ei isn a ni mpeirlaisseten ,s tahnedor reef symyounsow nith viloen.Tc heeo thieisrn t hsee nosfae u ntomoyi n semlifn-atdieotne.r Hergene,d -edrreivmeeadn isnegme st ob et hree lia sstuhteai ,st ,h e charaocftt heceru ltaunrpdeo ilcistg eonf.d T ehreei sdaesa rceo n seuqelnyct ondseirweidt hi·tnw botr hoeta hdme eisnw hitcehhs pepa esr flaln,ma ely1:.A friacn-ncterresedp soentso E uorpen aimperialist streahonlgodln t hper ocdituoonfM r iacns teusdai ntdh iene ptrerattion ofA frichains yt;2o .pro liatlci ocncearbonustth nee coo-lols natit,ae the orfEo ulorepe na-opdrucAefrdi cealnsi taeinnedtr anli mpeirlai.s m Theseesy sswa erfier satsm sbleeidn 1 992a,ta t iemw henI w as deleypi nvolwvietLdho ndloonlc c aommuntiisee,ps eicaltlhyBea l ck cmomunyi,at sa c ommnuiteyd utciaowno rkaenrad sa l ecetru triini atiancgc recdoirutseedas t ttorA afrc-otCa riebabsnt undtiesn htoi gher eudctai.oE nmpathizwiinttghh p ea isosnasns de bnisilieiasttt hgear ss rootIsw ,a tsh eorresemfy ptahettoti hcAe fr coernitpce precsti.vveee,n ifc riltliiycnm a yo wne naggmeentw itihtS .mo er ecnoigtoifot nh ese ineetrsstw rinti tnoett hceu rricuplruomvt eobd ea s ucscufelos utraech inttohB el accokm muniinBt riyt .a in TheB laccokmm unist irweeee ngeirezda,n gdor upasn idn dividuals mobiilzetdhe smeveslt os eutps tyug dorupasn,dd i efferntl trculaua nd eudctaiopnrajeolcs t.I na ltlih st,h feco lap oiwnatst heirs ticyu rio aboturta idoilnAt afrinc cauulertsa nda ncinetE gyptciualrnta auln d moravla luAetst .hg er assrMorootcsesn,mt w raist heorreaefm oral guidipnrgi pnelc,ai ndI w ietsnesdf irneddsi asrctdh selv aem asetsr' Vll Re-invenMtriincga Vlll - namest hahta db e�nf orceudp on thema st heya doptenda meso f ancieEngty ptigaond dessgeosd,s , quaenednk si ngTsh.i sp erspective alseon abletdh emt oe ngag�eo rep ositiwvietl·hyA friacnad,t os hed - theh atreadn dr esentmoefnA tf ricbao rna sa resuolftt hep ain and hurtfulonfee snss lavemaenndtn egatiEvuer ocenterdiucc ation. Therew-asa greaotu tburosftc reateinveer giyn f ashihona,i rstyles andj ewellaesrt yh eo rdinabrlya cfko lktsr ietdor eorgantihzeeil ri ve-s, seekiwnhgo lesomenaensdcs o llecctoimvmeu nihtayp pineisnths e face ofu nrelentriancgi sWme.s tercnu ltucroen tinuteors e newan de nrich -itsetlhfr ougthh eh ighv alu_pel aceodn antiquaer ta nda rtefacts, particulEagrylpyt iaarnt W.h y ist herree sentmaenndtg reacto ncern whend iaspora Mricans rtehcevo aglnuioezf eA fricaann tiqui-ty? My personeax]p eriepocfe p r-£tctiAcfarlo centreixpslmia ns the seemin-gf-estscfhorriC fhte ikhA nt-aDiopi ns omeo ft hee ssaywsh,i ch indeeadn A-siafnemaleed itQofra universpirteysi snt heU S accused - me ofi n1 99I2 d.i dn otm ipdt hakti ndo fo bservataitao lnl W.h at upsemte att het imwe ash eri nabiltiotyr _e atdh eA fricdaant oan t heir ownm eriandt makec ommentsb as�odn t hemw,i tho-uustp erimposing hero wnI ndiaenx perieonfcth ee - practoifsc aet (it hseu pposbeudr ning of brideisn)o rdetro c onvehye r-meanintgo m e.E_d ucateadn d cosmopoliatsas nh ew as,s he_s tiilnls istone d a translatoiroc no m municationh_evroi wan c t$ure.,s .ot hasth en evemro vedo.u t.cohfe r· 'lndiann.ee vsesnw' h,enr eadinag t ex-atb ouAtf ricIa- .h ando tw ritten ab9utth ·Ien diapnr actiocfse a ti,-tahnedrw ea sn:o thienqgu ivalteon t iti nm y tex.t . Writingn ow,i nJ anuar1y9 9I7 a_,m glaodf t haetx periesninccee I canu sei·tt oh elpt of orm.: an·-Opinioonn t hec·u rrednet bate about Eboni_e- sth e .suppos·eBdl a-cEkng lishs pokebny m anyM ricanA mer.. . · ican-sw hichs omec laitmo be .ad ialeocftth e Englilsahn guaget-and otherarsgu e isa differelnatn gua.agel togeItnhC eai.l ifor·nOiakal·a,n d ·E ducatiBoona rhda st akethn� positiotnh atth eraer-eM ricanAm erican cilild.r·ecnominignttoh ee ducatiosnyaslt_ew mi thE bonieass. a first - - languagaen,dt eacheorusg httob ee quippteodr ecognitzheif sa csto, tha-tt h-ec_ya nh elpi nt het�·a aslatiforno mt his diianltesoct ta ndard Englishr·a thetrh and i�misstihnegs yeo ungp eoplase stup..iT dh e Oaklandc ashea s· resulint ehde atepdu blidce bat.we h ic�t om y sur.- prishea,s s hownt ha·tt her.ae r eAm-ericanwsh od o not· seetmo k now thamta nyA fricAamne ricadnosn ets peaskt.a ndaEnrgdl isath home ori nt-hen·e igbourhoono d,m attewrh att heidre greoef education. Thisw oulbde c onsideanri ends ualsts tandaErndg liiss thh el anguage . oft hes chooIl a.m gladt os ayth att hiiss s omethitnhge syt ishna re witht hosien·M ricaO.n lya disrespeacntdfa urlr ogaenlti-tweo uld Praecfe lX behvea ltihtkaT.eh eeri st,he eofrer,ac ladsmise nosnti o Etbhoene is debt.aeI tw oulsde ewme l ivienm anwyo rlodfts r aidoindt,es pite borugoeipso msotderanhiissttl io llruiscioaofdn issn ctoiintwuyi tthh e pa.s t Thel esIsl oena frornmtt hIen idawno maend iitso r athloaltt h er naitoanlisth iaevaen a cknloegwdedl anguaangdte eh erofer culet,u r othtehraE nn lgsiht,h rowuhgihtc hhe cya cnh ootsone eo gitamteena inign a multieatnhdmn uilcut luitrcaslo cyi.Le atnguuasgiees t hus soaclai npd oiltli.c a Whyt ehns ohulAdfr icAamne ricbaen dsffai e ernstp ecoifse oscl i a bei?nW ghsys hlodui tb ea ssumtehtdaA fricAamne ricwaounlsd hitsoricnaohltal vyde e evlopae sdpe aartlea nggeuo ara vreancular tahts epkast he'ircroe lnee'st,sh eoitrrh neeasnsdr, i cshoo cciullt ura histsoirnitcehseme o vmeenotu otf A frician ttoht ei emso fe nsvlea menatn dn ow civsiolcy i?Ae ntdw hys houtlhdal tag nuagneo bte respeacsat sepda fcroec lsase xrepsisonosfB alcka utoyn,co omm mentya arndr seiasncte- soemhtniga blsuoetlyf edrtief fnormt he laernionfEg ng ils?Th hidsie fferncseh lodub er ceongizebdya atceher ofE nglsieeskhia nlgts ooi mpatrhstet andoaftr hdEesn glliasunhagg e. Sucha na kcnwoledegment mtehaatnthEs en lgitseha cwhoeurln do t assutmhteaa nE boenssi pkeeairsa tmtpetitnosg p ke Eangl,ai nsdh woultdh eorrenefo kti tlhlse p keears'les-fx epressainocdno fi ndentcoe cmomuinca.Tt heer espferocd tie ffrenecnaeti tlhsta t htee acohfe r Englsihw oulldi sfitrestntot hEeb noiesespk aearn dt henneg otiaa te trsaltniaona,s taec aherw oulddoi na ne nucnotweirt ahn yoh tre lagnuaogere htniyc.i t Inm yo pionnti,h Aefr oncterdiecbt aec otniuneisnt hdeeb ataeb out Eboensai sa d icsourosnte h peal coef h isitconare1lm orayn cdu tlulr a cnotiitnyiu n ptrhdeou ticoonf k nwoldeg,ea st hpea sitno frmtsh e peresnatn tdh per esdeeentrtnm ietsh feut rueT.h iists h teh intkhiantg inofrmtsh ceh oiocfte eh mersnu nnigt horugtheh seess a,yi snlcuding thowsreti etantf eIrm ovde tot hUeS Ai n1 993W. hamte htoodlyo g andw hapter spievcweto uledan bluest or ecnoigze rasepnedtc hte lgeitimoafgc rysa orsotwso mne,n atipveoepe lsa ndv illoagrgaienz a tinosa s' decmaroitce'tn istp,ir eelcyib seeucsaoef t hediernc telriazed poltiicsayls taenmdts h e udsiioffofnp owera monvgar ioiunsrt seet gruopasn dt heoigrran iaztoins? Thee sasyasr teh,e orere,f edirinpstlciirny-a reeflcitntgh ceo pmlexity ofm yc ulrta,uli ntcetlulaaenldg eopghrialcm aixa nde xepirences. Alhtouhg theess ayrse flesvceetr tahmlea tciocn cearm nasj,os ril neg themiets h aotfg endearn tdh ceo ntateisootftn h meo rlaiotfyp owe,r whehteirnm yd issicsouonfg enderrseeianrgmc ehht odoyli onAg frican Re-invAefrnitcian g X Stud(iIenst rodtuhcietd ieoonl)oo,fg g ieensdi ensr o ciinaslt itutions (Chap1ta enrds, g 2e)ndeprheidl osoofpp hoiwee(srC hap3t)we,or m en inp oliatnidtc hsqe u estpioowne( rC hap4t aenrd7s ) g,e ndecrheadr actoeftr h set a(tCeh ap5)t,ge ern dered (rCehlaip6gt)ire,oar nca sen d clacsosn tradiinfc etmiionnCishs ampst 8ea rnsdg) . T hew honloet ion ofp atri·ap racrhaaldigmmoantoilci tihsdi issmm ibsysm eytd h eosfi s paradigompaptoiscia tn-idso tnr ucgteunrdcaeolrn testaasat r ieosnu,l t oft hep reseonfcm ea triaicnth hyfe u ndameofn ttahleis d eoafs kinsinh ainpc iaenndtt r aditAiforniacla . InC hapt6e,Iru s.ae s pecsiefilcf -nAafmreirdce alni igniN noonb i tod emonsttrhpaert iem aocfgy e ndine trh ceo nstrauncdtc ioonn testaoftr ieolingi oculsam is,t hushsow intgh vei sibofiw loimteyin n reli-giboonta,hs s ymbo.la insdst ysm boolfws o rshTihpef. a ctth at theea rrweo menr'esl igaindor nist umaelasnt sh aotn ec ans peoafk - gendemroerda laintdei tehsoi fcs so cjiuaslt Iincw eh.i ch would case, sucnho tidoentse rmtihcneh ea racotfse orcsii naslt it·cuutlitounrse,s ansdt a-tYeeissn? deaend.Id,h avues eedx tenstihwveoe rlokyfC heikh Ant.aD itoops upptohrpitos s ition. Ia mn osta yitnhgat thm ee rper eseonfwc oem einnp owegru ar anteaenes q uitsaobclsieya slt Geimv.et nhm ea sculitneinzdienngc ies oft hceo ntempsotraastryeys teIim nsd,e deids ·msiuscsshei dm plistic assumpitnai f oonrst hcboeomkiD,na gug htqfe trhGseo ddesasn Ddll l!-ghters of ImperialisAmfri:c aJtOnm enStrug gle forP owaenrDd e moc·Rraatcyh.ie itrs , thceh oiocfge e ndemroerda litoyfc ivialnidot fys tattheaw to uld determaji unsest o ciPeartayd.ia gtmipcl uraolffies�rm ps e rspective whitcah kienstc oo nsidetrhaqetu ieosnt{) ifco onn tesatnacdth iooinc e. Them ythosfg odasn dg oddee-msbsoedcsyo ntesatnidcn ogm ple mentasryys t·ae sms su;.cwh e.h avae c hoiocfne a rrattoti hviewinstk h , tos.h arteot, e llilwie ths- (falsificatainodnt )oq uararbeolu t. In-readtihneges ses aIyh sop,e. t hastt udeanntdas c tivinit shtes . communiwtilsilee heso wt hehya veed ucamteea,d n dd etermmiyne d topicsof concaenrdtnh iess ureasi sed. Pietsr hhbeae pswsta ytt oh is supp.nourmte rsotuusd wehnots- haapvper oamceho ercd o mplati.on ed mea boruatc iisntm h ceu rricaunldtu hmce l assroom. Ih opteh atth bioso wilkl i:ontritbodut eeb aatbeostu hteq uestion ofm ethodoilnAo fgryi sctaudni.ae sis.pt, r opoasnae lst ernsaotciiavle histtootr hyue n popualsasru mpotfia onntsh ropology.
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