Re-Entry and Vehicle Design. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Ballistic Missile and Space Technology, Held in los Angeles, California, in August, 1960 PDF
Preview Re-Entry and Vehicle Design. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Ballistic Missile and Space Technology, Held in los Angeles, California, in August, 1960
BALLISTIC MISSILE and SPACE TECHNOLOGY Edited by DONALD P. LeGALLEY VOLUME I Bioastronautics and Electronics and Invited Addresses VOLUME II Propulsion and Auxiliary Power Systems VOLUME III Guidance, Navigation, Tracking, and Space Physics VOLUME IV Re-entry and Vehicle Design RE-ENTRY a nd V E H I C LE D E S I GN VOLUME IV of Ballistic Missile and Space Technology Proceedings of the Fifth Sym- posium on Ballistic Missile and Space Technology, held in Los Angeles, California, in August, 1960 Sponsored by Headquarters, Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., and Aero- space Corporation EDITOR Donald P. LeGalley Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles, California ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London • 1960 @ COPYRIGHT © 1960, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Ill FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 3, N. Y. United Kingdom Edition Published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 17 OLD QUEEN STREET, LONDON S.W. 1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 60-16987 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTRIBUTORS R. J. Arenz, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California E. Bendor, Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, L. I., New York R. W. Connor, Northrop Corporation, Norair Division, Hawthorne, California S. D. Conte, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles k*?, California J. E. Draim, LCDR (USN), U. S. Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, California Murray, Dryer, The Martin Company, Denver Division, Denver 1, Colorado Henry L. Friedman, Space Sciences Laboratory, General Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania C. Kottler, Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, L. I,, New York A. R. Krenkel, Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, L. I., New York C. C. Love, Jr., Convair-Astronautics, San Diego, California J. D. Marble, Flight Propulsion Laboratory Department, General Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio C. J. Meissner, Applied Research & Development Division, Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, L. I., New York K. L. Miller, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles ^5, California D. H. Mitchell, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles 45, California E. J. Nolan, Missile & Space Vehicle Department, General Electric Company, Philadelphia k, Pennsylvania v FIFTH SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTIC MISSILE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Herbert M. Reichert, Aero-Space Division, Boeing Airplane Company, Seattle, Washington S. M. Scala, Missile & Space Vehicle Department, General Electric Company, Philadelphia k, Pennsylvania C. B. Sensenig, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles 45, California E. A. Smith, Northrop Corporation, Norair Division, Hawthorne, California C. E. Stalzer, LCDR (USN), U. S. Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, California Robert T. Swann, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Langley Field, Virginia M. L. Williams, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California W. R» Woodis, The Martin Company, Denver Division, Denver 1, Colorado VI PREFACE The first Symposium on ballistic missile technology, jointly sponsored by Headquarters, AFBMD and The Ramo- Wooldridge Corporation, was held at the suggestion of Simon Ramo in June of 1956. The second Symposium followed in June of 1957, the third in July of 1958, the fourth in August of 1959, and the fifth in August of i960. AFBMD and the Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. sponsored the fourth Symposium while the Aerospace Corporation joined in the sponsorship of the fifth. The first two Symposia were planned and coordinated by Duane Roller, the third and fourth by Charles T. Morrow and associates in AFBMD and STL, and the Fifth by a Steering Committee, of which Charles T. Morrow was the Chairman. Dr. Morrow was joined, in an editorial capacity, by Donald P. LeGalley in 1959 and by Colonel Lawrence D. Ely, USAF, (Ret.) in i960. Beginning in 1959, the scope of the Symposia was enlarged to include work being done in the field of space technology. The purpose of these Symposia has been to provide a free exchange of technical information and ideas among the engineers and scientists working on the United States ballistic missile and space programs. In many technical fields, such as hypersonics, aerodynamic heating, material structures, propulsion, communications, computers, bio- astronautics, guidance, etc., scientific and technical developments have occurred so rapidly that a free exchange of information and ideas is essential. The sessions of the various Symposia, together with publication of the classified papers in the Transactions and the -unclassified papers in the Proceedings, have provided this exchange on a national scale. The Fifth Symposium on Ballistic Missile and Space Technology was held at the University of Southern Cali- fornia on August 29-31, i960, and was attended by over 1000 scientists and engineers from all parts of the nation. In addition to the several introductory, keynote, and luncheon addresses by invited speakers, 125 technical papers, both classified and unclassified, were presented in 25 sessions. The Proceedings contain the 7^ unclassified papers presented at the Symposium and organized into four volumes as follows: vi 1 FIFTH SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTIC MISSILE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Volume Bioastronautics and Electronics, and Invited Addresses Volume II - Propulsion and Auxiliary Power Systems Volume III - Guidance, Navigation, 'Cracking, and Space Physics Volume IV - Re-entry and Vehicle Design The manuscripts for the Fifth Symposium were requested in advance of the Symposium. A total of 255 manuscripts were received and submitted to a Program Committee for review and selection for the final program. The Program Committee, with assistance from many AFBMD and STL staff members, reviewed these manuscripts for content, suit- ability, and interest, and selected 125 for presentation at the Symposium. Unfortunately, many excellent papers had to be rejected because of the limitation of time and space. The members of the Program Committee are listed below: Program Committee Donald P. LeGalley, Chairman G. D. Bagley J» F. Chalmers C. T. Morrow E..K. Blum M. U. Clauser R. B. Muchmore R. Bromberg R. D. DeLauer Capt. B. W. Pine J. R. Burnett L. G. Ludwig G. E. Solomon In addition to the work of the Program Committee, the editor wishes gratefully to acknowledge the assistance of members of the staff of the STL Office of Scientific and Engineering Relations. In particular, Colonel Ely has reviewed the manuscripts dealing with re-entry and vehicle design (Volume IV), and Mrs. Mildred R. Smith, Senior Publications Writer, has reviewed each manuscript and has made corrections and changes which have contributed greatly to the uniformity of format and the published appearance of the 7^ papers. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. Donald P. LeGalley September, i960 vi 11 FIFTH SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTIC MISSILE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY THE PYROLYSIS OF PLASTICS IN A HIGH VACUUM ARC IMAGE FURNACE Henry Lo Friedman Space Sciences Laboratory General Electric Company Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Abstract An apparatus is described for high vacuum pyrolysis of plas- tics in an arc-image furnace A fractionation and analysis scheme 0 is presented, whereby the complex mixture of pyrolysis products may be analyzed accurately., Several experiments are described where samples of non-reinforced and glass reinforced CTL 91-LD Phenolic were pyrolyzedo Chemical analyses and rate data are included, as well as a discussion of the results from the point of view of ablation, Introduction Plastics have been found to act as good thermal shields for missiles that undergo hypersonic re-entry* the most suitable mate- rials being among the thermosetting resins When these plastics 0 ablate, a complex mixture of gases forms, and a char residue builds up« For the purposes of engineering design, and for understanding the overall behavior of these materials, one must know, among many other facts, the composition of pyrolysis gases, and the rates of formation of these gases and the char It would be desirable to have Q this information as a function of temperature 0 An arc image furnace was employed in an attempt to measure these quantitieSo Arc image furnaces have been used for such studies by several workers„ Gruntfest (1) carried out experiments in an evacuated apparatus, such as was used in the present work, but at a much lower level of evacuation Mixer and Marynowski (2^ have 0 studied the degradation of several plastics in the presence of a variety of gases. Settlage and Siegle (3) burned samples of fluorocarbon resins and filled phenoHc resins in a solar furnace 0 A phenolic plastic, which was manufactured by the Cincinnati 3 FIFTH SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTIC MISSILE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Testing and Research Laboratories (CTL 91-LD)was used for this worko Although a considerable success was achieved in identifying and analyzing the products, it has not yet been possible to measure rates with any great degree of accuracy <> Materials Two materials were used for this work* The first was Fiber - glas cloth impregnated CTL 91-LD Phenolic. The impregnated sheets were made by the U So Polymeric Co„ and contained about 42% resin, 0 by weight. The sheets were laminated parallel to each other and cured in a press o The slab that was thus formed was then post-cured in an oven The samples were 1/2 inch diameter by 1 inch long cylinders, 0 and were machined so that the cloths were perpendicular to the cir- cular faceso A circular face was the target of the furnace radiation,, The second material was non-reinforced CTL 91-LD Phenolic 0 Phenolics are condensation resins, and thus evolve gaseous products during cure, resulting in entrapped bubbles in pieces that are molded to any appreciable thickness, By present techniques, it is impossible to fabricate a piece 1/2" in thickness by compression molding of the laminating resin A technique found to work in some cases is to blend 0 uncured and partially cured resin, and then mold and cure this mix- ture o This technique produced a limited number of satisfactory sam- pleSo Reproducible compositions are difficult to obtain, however, since the degree of partial cure of that portion of the mixture is ex- tremely hard to controL Experimental: Apparatus and Pyrolysis Procedure The arc image furnace consisted of a pair of General Electric Company 60-inch diameter searchlight mirrors as housings for the source and receiver The carbon arc source, which kept the dis- charge in the proper position automatically, was able to supply a maximum flux of 435 BTU/ft sec. to the 1/2 inch diameter surface 0 This was equivalent to a maximum black body temperature of 3070°K * o A photograph of the vacuum system that was employed for this work is shown in Figure 1. A schematic diagram is shown as Figure 2* A dynamic vacuum of 10 mm Hg was readily achieved in this apparatus 0 *The quartz dome that was used for this work absorbed about 10% of the incident radiation, In addition, the dome became coated with plastic pyrolysis solids during exposure, so that the intensity of radiation probably decreased continually during the experimento 4 FIFTH SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTIC MISSILE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Fig. 1. View of Vacuum System.
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