Rawalakot, District Poonch Azad Jammu and Kash PDF
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RESEARCHARTICLE Exploration of ethno-medicinal knowledge among rural communities of Pearl Valley; Rawalakot, District Poonch Azad Jammu and Kashmir HumairaShaheen1,MirzaFaisalQaseem2*,MuhammadShoaibAmjad2,3,PieroBruschi4 1 DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSInstituteofInformationTechnology,Islamabad,Pakistan, 2 DepartmentofBotany,PMAS-UniversityofAridAgriculture,Rawalpindi,Pakistan,3 Departmentof Botany,WomenUniversityofAzadJammu&Kashmir,Bagh,Pakistan,4 Dept.ofAgriFoodProductionand EnvironmentalSciences-LaboratoriesofAppliedandEnvironmentalBotany,UniversityofFlorence, Florence,Italy a1111111111 a1111111111 *[email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Background MedicinalplantsarethebasicsourceofhealthcareinthePearlValleyDistrictPoonch, OPENACCESS AzadJammu,andKashmir.Thebasicaimofpresentstudywastorecordinformationabout theuseofplantsinherbalpreparationandquantificationofrecordeddata. Citation:ShaheenH,QaseemMF,AmjadMS, BruschiP(2017)Explorationofethno-medicinal knowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearl Materialsandmethods Valley;Rawalakot,DistrictPoonchAzadJammu andKashmir.PLoSONE12(9):e0183956.https:// Theresearchwasconductedwiththenullhypothesisthattherewasnodifferentialdistribu- doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 tionofknowledgeamongthecommunitiesbetweengendersandamongdifferentage Editor:VijaiGupta,TallinnUniversityof groupsinthestudyareaandacrossculturalmedicinalusesoftheplantsaresimilar.To Technology,ESTONIA checkthesehypothesesinformationaboutmedicinalplantswascollectedfrom46laypeople Received:September2,2016 and18herbalistsbyusinganopenendedandsemistructuredquestionnaire.Differenteth- nobotanicalindiceswerecalculatedinordertoquantifytheknowledgeonthemedicinal Accepted:August15,2017 plantsreportedinthestudy. Published:September8,2017 Copyright:©2017Shaheenetal.Thisisanopen Results accessarticledistributedunderthetermsofthe CreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,which Ourstudyrecorded136speciesofmedicinalplantsbelongingto45familieswithAstera- permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,and ceae(14species)asthedominantfamilyofthearea.Decoction(26species),juiceandpow- reproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginal der(24specieseach)weremostcommonmethodsofpreparation.Spearman’scorrelation authorandsourcearecredited. analysisshowedthatageandgenderhadthesignificanteffectonbothnumbersofmen- DataAvailabilityStatement:Allrelevantdataare tionedspeciesanddifferentuses.Anumberofknownmedicinalplantsandthenumberof withinthepaperanditsSupportingInformation files. differentuses(H:38.51;p<0.001)differsignificantlyasindicatedbyKruskal-Wallistests. Theseresultsshowedthattheknowledgeabouttheplantvariesamongdifferentage Funding:Theauthorsreceivednospecificfunding forthiswork. groups,whichwerethefirsthypothesisofthepresentstudy.Thehighestusevalues(UVs) werereportedforBerberislyceumandAjugabracteosa(1.13each)followedbyAbiespin- Competinginterests:Theauthorshavedeclared thatnocompetinginterestsexist. drow(1.03).Highestinformantconsensusfactor(ICF)valueswererecordedfordigestive PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 1/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley systemdiseases(ICF=0.90)andmuscularandskeletalsystemdiseases(ICF=0.89).The valueofJaccaradindexrangedfrom6.11to32.97withanaveragevalueof19.84,percent- ageofsimilaritywashighestbetweenstudyareaandPirLasuraNationalPark(34.62%). Conclusion Highsimilaritymightbeduetothefactthatthecommunitieslivingintheseareashavesame socioculturalvaluesandhavemoreopportunitiestoexchangetheirtraditionalknowledge. Thepresentstudyprovidespracticalevidenceabouttheuseofmedicinalplantsamongthe inhabitantsofthePearlValley. Introduction Ethnobiologicalknowledgeconsistsofthebodyofknowledge,beliefs,traditions,andpractices thatreflecttheperceptionofthelocalenvironmentbyindigenouscommunities.Withinthe fieldofethnobiology,severalpiecesofresearchhavebeendevotedtothestudyofplantsused formedicalpurposes,oneoftheoldestformsofethnobotanicalandethnomedicalresearch known[1–3]. Quantitativeethnobotanymaybedefinedas"theapplicationofquantitativetechniquesto thedirectanalysisofcontemporaryplantusedata"[4,5].Quantificationandassociated hypothesis-testinghelptogeneratequalityinformation,whichinturncontributessubstantially toresourceconservationanddevelopment.Further,theapplicationofquantitativetechniques todataanalysisnecessitatesrefinementofmethodologiesfordatacollection.Closeattentionto methodologicalissuesnotonlyimprovesthedisciplineofethnobotanybutalsoenhancesthe imageofethnobotanyamongotherscientists"[4,5].Thispaperattemptstohighlightthese unexpectedpatternsofethnobotanicalknowledgeacrossage,genderandmethodused. Thevariablesknowntoaffectmedicinalplantknowledgeincludeeducation,occupation, age,genderandpsychosocialvariables[6–10].Ageandgenderaregenerallythefactorsmost examinedfortheirinfluenceonknowledgeaboutplants.Oneofthemoststudiedresourcesis medicinalplantknowledgebecauseitisastructuralcomponentoflocalmedicalsystems[11]; itisthefocusofthisstudy.Muchofthisknowledgeistraditional,thatis,learnedlongagoand passedonwithvaryingdegreesoffaithfulnessforatleasttwoorthreegenerations.However, ethnobiologicalknowledgecanchangerapidly.Everytraditionhadabeginningcf.[12],and wasitselfanewcreationinitstime.Ecosystemschange,newplantsandanimalsarrive,and peoplelearnnewwaysofthinking;ethnobiologicalsystemschangeaccordingly,andaretypi- callyflexibleanddynamic.Field-workershaveobservednewknowledgebeingincorporated intosystemsaroundtheworld. Divergencesinknowledgeandpracticebetweentwoculturalgroupsthatlivewithinthe sameecosystemareintriguingastheycanprovideinsightintohowthelensofculturecannot onlyalterhumanviewpointsoftheenvironmentbutevenguidehumaninteractionswith resourcesembeddedintheecosystem.Toexplorethequestionofwhatrolecultureplaysin shapingthehuman–natureinterface,weconductedfieldresearchinPearlVellayinRawalakot thathostsanincrediblyrichrepertoireofcultural,linguisticandbiologicaldiversity.We hypothesizethattwodistinctculturalgroupslivinginthesameecosystemwillshareasimilar patternofuseofwildflorafordailysubsistenceandmedicalpractices,andthatdistinctions willariseonlyforthosetaxathatplayakeyroleinculture-specificritual,foodorhealthprac- tices[13]. PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 2/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Researchershavepreviouslystudiedtheassociationbetweenethnobotanicalknowledgeand socio-economicfactors.Amongthefactorspreviouslystudiedresearchershavefocusedonthe age[4,6,14,15],sex,theeducationallevel,origin,andtheoccupationandthewealthofinfor- mantionofinforments.Amongthose,researchershavefoundthatthosehavingastronger influenceonshapingethnobotanicalknowledgedistributionareage,sex,educationleveland wealth. Forexample,severalstudieshavefoundapositiveassociationbetweenageandtraditional ethnobotanicalknowledge[14],althoughsomeotherstudieshavenotfoundsuchassociation [6].Incontrast,thedifferencesinethnobotanicalknowledgebetweenmenandwomenseem tobemoreconsistent,withstudiesfindingthatmenhavealargerknowledgethanwomen[6, 14,16,17],althoughthetrendseemstobeinverseinrelationtomedicinalplants[18].Such differencesaregenerallyexplainedbysexualdistributionofwork[19].Someresearchalsosug- gestthatethnobotanicalknowledgedecreaseswiththeincreaseofeducation[15,20–22]and wealth.Severalofthosecharacteristicsarealsolinkedtotheprocessofacculturationandthe lossofindigenouslanguages(amongindigenouscommunities)[15,20,22].Somestudies highlighttheimportanceofoccupationontraditionalknowledge[21,23].Mart´ınez-Balleste´ etal.[21]findthatlargerinvolvementinagriculturalactivitiesresultedinalossoftraditional ecologicalknowledge,asaconsequenceoftheenvironmentaltransformationandlossofbiodi- versity.Incontrast,thoseactivitiesmoredependentonthenaturalenvironmentareassociated tomaintenanceoftraditionalknowledge. Giventhosepreviousfindings,wehypothesizethatthedistributionoftraditionalknowl- edgewillbepatternedacrosssocio-economiccharacteristics.Specifically,weexpecttofind thatmen,olderpeople,peopleborninthearea,andpoorerpeoplewillhavehigherlevelsof traditionalknowledgethanpeoplewithoutthosecharacteristics.Wealsohypothesizethatpeo- plewhoseoccupationdependsontheenvironment,likepeoplewhopracticeextensiveagricul- tureandstockbreeding,mightalsohavelargerlevelsoftraditionalknowledge. EthnobotanicalknowledgeinPoonchValley(anadministrativedivisionofAzadJammu andKashmir)hasbeenscarcelyinvestigated,withtheexceptionofafewstudies[24–27]Local peoplehavedevelopedarichethnobotanicalknowledgeandusemedicinalplantsfortreating severalcommondiseases.Inparticular,traditionalhealersorherbalistsplayanimportantrole inensuringsomehealthserviceto75%oftheruralpopulation[28].Thestudywasaimedto recordanddiscussknowledgeonmedicinalplantusesinthelocaltraditionalpractices,includ- ing(i)Descriptionofpreparationanduseofplantsasmedicines.(ii)Thedifferentialdistribu- tionofknowledgeaboutplantsandmedinalpropertiesamongsectorsofthesociety,and(iii) identifyingnewformsofusecomparedwiththosereportedforotherneighbouringareas. Materialsandmethods Studyarea ThestudyhasbeencarriedoutinRawalakot,alsoknownasPearlValley,locatedinthecoreof Poonchdistrict(Latitude33˚51’32.18"N,Longitude73˚45’34.93"E)“Fig1”.Itisasaucer- shapedvalleywithanaltitudeof1615ma.s.l.Theclimatecanbeclassifiedassubtropicalhigh- land(Cwa)undertheKo¨ppenclimateclassificationduetohighaltitude.Theaverageannual temperatureis15.3˚Crangingfrom38˚Cduringthemid-summermonthsto–3˚Cduringthe wintermonths.Theannualrainfallisveryvariableyearbyyearandrangesfrom500to2000 mm,mostofwhichisirregularandfallsasintensestormsduringthemonsoonseasonstret- chingfromJulytoSeptember.Woodlands,dominatedbyconiferssuchasAbiespindrow, Cedrusdeodara,Pinusroxburghii,andPinuswallichiana,andopengrasslands,mainlycover thearea. PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 3/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Theethniccompositionoftheregionisquitediverseandcomplex:Gujjars,Sudhans,Raj- putsandJatsareconsideredtobethemajorethnicgroupslivinginthearea.Gujjarsarethe largestgroup;RajputswhoarespreadacrosstheregionandSudhans,mostlysettledinRawala- kot,areregardedastheinfluentialethnicgroupsinAzadKashmir.Almostallofthemare Muslims.Accordingtothelastcensusin2014thereare4,980householdsinRawalakotand eachhouseholdcomprisesanaverageof7.6members.Thishighdemographicdensitycanbe explainedbythehigherworkopportunitiesinRawalakotwheremostdwellersareengaged, directlyorindirectly,withthetourismsector.Incontrast,theruralpopulationlargelydepends onsubsidenceagriculture,livestock,forestryandformalemployment.Agricultureisbasedon rain-fedcroppingsystemandthemaincropoftheregionismaize. Ethnobotanicaldatacollection FieldworkwascarriedoutfromAugust2013toJuly2014.BeforeinitiatingofoursurveyEthi- calapprovalforthestudywasobtainedfromtheCOMSATSInstituteofInformationTechnol- ogyethicsCommittee.Legalpermissionwastakenfromrepresentativesofthemunicipalityfor conductingtheinterview.Allrespondentswereaskedtosignapriorinformed-consentform aftertheobjectivesandpossibleconsequencesofthestudyhadbeenexplained.Theprior informedconsent(PIC)formwastranslatedintothelocalPothwarilanguage.Ethnobotanical informationwascollectedfromnativeinhabitantsofthevalleybyusingsemi-structuredques- tionnaires.Thismethodallowsalargenumberofparticipantstobeinterviewedinarelatively shortperiodoftimebyaskingthesamequestionswithinaflexibleframework.Alltheinter- viewswerecarriedoutinthelocaldialect,Pothohari.Atotalof64informants,ranginginage from35to70years,wereselectedbyconveniencesampling(i.e.,asamplingmethodinwhich unitsareselectedbasedoneasyaccessoravailability)“Table1”. Fig1.Mapofthestudyarea(http://www.pakimag.com/politics/by-election-la-22-sidhnoti-poonch-ajk- assembly.html/attachment/district-poonch-azad-kashmir-detail-map). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956.g001 PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 4/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. MedicinalFloraofPearlValleyTehsilRawalakot,DistrictPoonchAJ&K. ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 1 AbiespindrowRoyle(HF-99) Partal,Paluder Pinaceae Leaf paste External Swelling 48 0.75 1.03 silverfir,Tree Juice Internal Antypiretic Bark Powder Internal Coughchronic asthma. Bark Tea Internal Rheumatism Resin Resin External Wounds. Root Decoction Internal Cough, bronchitis 2 AchilleamillefoliumL.(HF-77) Yarrow,Herb Asteraceae Flower Extract Internal Refrigerante 24 0.38 0.33 Leaves Powder External Toothache 3 Achyranthesasperavar. Puthkanda, Amaranthaceae Root Decoction Internal Inflammation 21 0.33 0.38 perphyristachyaHook.F.(HF- Herb Leaves Pain 128) 4 AdhatodazeylanicaL.(HF- Bahkar,Herb Acanthaceae Bark Powder Internal Stomachache 35 0.55 0.59 139) Constipation Leaves Asthma Root Cough 5 Adiantumcapillus-venerisL. Hansraj,Sraj Adiantaceae Leaves Decoction Internal Cough 57 0.89 0.97 (HF-101) fern Boils Asthma Jaundice Fever Diabetes Eczema Measles Chestpain 6 AdiantumincisumForessk Sumbul, Leaves Juice Internal Scabies 44 0.69 0.64 (HF-120) Hansraj,Fern Cough Antypiretic Bodyache 7 Aesculusindica(Wall.ex Bankhore, Hippocastanaceae Bark Infusion Internal Tonic 33 0.52 0.5 Camb.)Hook.f.(HF-91) Horsechestnut, Fruits Eaten Internal Colic, Tree Rheumatim Seed Powder Internal Leucorrhoea 8 AjugabracteosaWall,ex Rattibooti,Herb Lamiaceae Aerial Extract Internal Bloodpurifier 58 0.91 1 Benth(HF-82) parts Pimples Eruption Inflammation Leaves Extract Internal Earache Pain Toothache Boils (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 5/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. (Continued) ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 9 AlbizialebbeckL.Bth.(HF-89) Shirin,Tree Mimoaceae Seeds External Inflammation 57 0.89 0.83 Leukoderma Leprosy Eczema Bark Powdered External Strengthen spongygums Barkand Extract Internal Haemorroids seeds Dysentery Diarrhea Flowers Paste External Carbuncles Eczema Swelling Boils Seed Oil External Snakebite Asthma 10 AlliumgriffithianumBoiss(HF- Piazi,Herb Alliaceae Aerial Cooked Internal Carminative 29 0.45 0.53 83) parts Dyspepsia Pain 11 AlysicarpusbupleurifoliusL. Buffaloclover, Paplionaceae Leaves Juice Internal Bloodpurifier 15 0.23 0.22 D.C(HF-84) Herb 12 AnaphalisadnataD.C(HF-20) Dialect,Herb Asteraceae Leaves Powder External Bleeding 19 0.3 0.42 Wound 13 Androsacerotundifolia Thandijari, Primulaceae Rhizome Extract Internal Ophthalmic 25 0.39 0.67 Hardwicke(HF-10) Herb Leaves Infusion Internal Stomachache Emetic 14 AnemonetetrasepalaRoyle Herb Ranunculaceae Roots Juice External Boils 12 0.19 0.34 (HF-61) 15 AquilegiapubifloraWallex Herb Ranunculaceae Root Paste External Snakebite 37 0.58 0.45 Royle.(HF-61) Toothache Emetic Flower Paste External Skinburns Wound 16 ArtemisiaabsinthiumL.(HF- Afsanthene, Asteraceae Leaves Infusion,paste Internal Anthelmintic 51 0.8 0.98 46) Herb Cuts Wounds Stomach disorders Pain 17 ArtemisiadubiaWall.exBess. Asfanthene, Asteraceae Seeds Cooked Internal Weakness 23 0.36 0.52 (HF-17) Herb afterdelivery. Leaves Paste External Cuts Eardiseases Wounds Aerial External External Vermicide parts (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 6/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. (Continued) ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 18 ArtemisiamaritimeL.(HF-16) Afsanthene, Asteraceae Leaves Paste External Skininfections. 41 0.64 0.77 Herb Leafand Powder Internal Intestinal stem parasites. 19 AsparagusfilicinusHam.inD. Macherghas, Liliaceae Root Decoction Internal Nervous 38 0.59 0.66 Don(HF-23) Herb stimulant. 20 AthyriumtenuifronsWall.apud Dandasa,Fern Adiantaceae Root Tea Internal Bodyache 32 0.5 0.58 Mooreex.R.Sim(HF-123) Root Powder External Wound 21 BerberisaristataDC.(HF-26) Doody,Indian Berberidaceae Bark Toothstick External Mouth 21 0.33 0.38 barberry,Herb Inflammation Leaves Decoction Internal Backache Fruit Paste External Dental, Prophylaxis 22 BerberislyciumRoyle(HF-81) Sumblu,Shrub Berberidaceae Roots Extract Internal Tonic 59 0.92 0.98 Pustules Hemorrhoids Diabetes Eyelotion Skindisease Roots Paste External Chronic diarrhea Bloodpurifier Scabies Fracture 23 Bergeniaciliata(Haw.)Sternb. Zakhm-e- Saxifragaceae Aerial Powder Internal Urinarytract 29 0.45 0.39 (HF-18) Hayat,Herb parts troubles Earache Leaves Juice External Cough Root Juice Internal Cold Kidneystones 24 CalendulaofficinalisL.(HF- Sadberga,Herb Asteraceae Young Extract Internal Kidneystones 46 0.72 0.98 138) branches 25 Calotropisprocera(Aiton)W. Ak,Shurb Asclepiadaceae Latex Latex External Aphrodisiacs 35 0.55 0.59 T.Aiton(HF-59) Root Power Internal Boils 26 Calthaalbavar.albaCamb. Herb Ranunculaceae Aerial Juice Internal Antispasmodic 29 0.45 0.28 var.alba(HF-26) parts Sedative 27 CampanulabenthamiiWall. Herb Companulaceae Root Chewing External Strengthen 19 0.3 0.36 (HF-63) heart Earach 28 CarissaopacaStapf.ex Garanda,Small Apocynaceae Fruit Powder Internal Pain 35 0.55 0.59 Haines(HF-32) tree Stem Inflammation 29 CarthamustinctoriusL.(HF- Kasumba Astreaceae Flowers Rubbing Internal Pneumonia 29 0.45 0.66 42) (zafran) Boil External 30 CastaneasativaMill.(HF-19) Chitasanghara, Fagaceae Leaves Infusion Internal Antypiretics 21 0.33 0.38 Chestnut,Tree Leaves Decoction Internal Pharyngitis (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 7/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. (Continued) ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 31 CedrelaserrataRoyle.(HF- Drawa,Tree Melliaceae Stemand Paste External Roundworms. 54 0.84 0.83 24) bark Root Juice Internal Dyspepsia, Diabetes Leaves Decoction External Refrigerante shampoo Bark Poultice Internal Ulcers Bark Powder Internal Chronic infantile dysentery. 32 CeltiscaucasicaWilld(HF-72) Batkaral,Tree Ulmaceae Aerial Juice Internal Pain, 17 0.27 0.45 parts Amenorrhea. 33 CichoriumintybusL.(HF-142) Kahsni,Herb Asteraceae Roots Juice Internal Antypiretic 33 0.52 0.73 34 ClematisbuchananianaDC. Langi,Shrub Ranunculaceae Leaves Paste External Eczema 43 0.67 0.75 (HF-84) Psoriasis(type ofskin diseases) Wound Roots Crushingand External Bleeding wrapping Roots Poultice External Swellings, Juice Internal inflammation Pepticulcers 35 ClematismontanaBuch.(HF- Langi,Shrub Ranunculaceae Leaves Extract Internal Diabetes 27 0.42 0.33 118) Flowers Decoction Internal Cough 36 Conyzabonariensis(L.) Buti,Herb Asterceae Aerial Infusion Internal Diarrhea 41 0.64 0.77 Cronq.(HF-51) parts Haemorroids Dysentery 37 CuscutareflexaRoxb.(HF- Neeladari, Cuscutaceae Whole Juice Internal Jaundice 21 0.33 0.38 131) Climber plant External Dandruff 38 DalbergiasissooRoxb.(HF- Tahli,Tree Fabaceae Stem Juice External Eczema 39 0.61 0.77 09) bark Crushed Juice Internal Bloodpurifier leaves Leaves Washing External Increasehair length 39 DebregeasiasalicifoliaD.Don Sandari,Shrub Urticaceae Aerial Paste External Eczema, 15 0.23 0.41 Rendle(HF-78) parts dermatitis 40 DesmodiumpolycarpumDC. Mangkit- Paplinioaceae Roots Juice Internal Antypiretic 34 0.53 0.88 (HF-83) parang,Shrub Helminthiasis Haemorroid Antypiretic Cough Cardiactonic Diuretic Lossof appetite Carminative Diarrhea Dysentery (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 8/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. (Continued) ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 41 DesmostachyabipinnataL. Dab,Grass Poaceae Roots Tea Internal Hypertension 14 0.22 0.17 Stapf.(HF-13) 42 DiclipterabupleuroidesNees Kirch,Somni, Acanthaceae Leaves Paste External Wounds 52 0.81 0.86 (HF-58) Herb Eczema Leaves Decoction External Tonic Cough 43 DioscoreabulbiferaL.(HF-57) Herb Dioscoreaceae Aerial Juice Internal Contraceptive. 41 0.64 0.81 parts 44 DioscoreadeltoideaWall.ex Herb Dioscoreaceae Rhizome Takenasraw Internal Insectkiller 36 0.56 0.48 Kunth(HF-50) form Snakebite 45 DuchesneaAndrews)Focke Budimewa, Rosaceae Fruit Juice Internal EyeInfection 33 0.52 0.61 (HF-84) Herb Tonic 46 ElaeagnusangustifoliaL.(HF- Sinjit,Tree Elaeagnaceae Ripe Boiled Internal Pharyngitis, 29 0.45 0.66 92) fruits Antypiretic Fruit Takenasraw Internal Cough form Fever 47 ElaeagnusumbellataThunb. Chotazaton, Elaeagnaceae Leaves Decoction Internal Cough 33 0.52 0.73 (HF-94) Russianolive, Flowers Decoction Internal Heart Tree diseases. Seeds Takenasraw Internal Immunity form Branch Exude External Toothache 48 EriobotryajaponicaThumb. Loquat,Tree Rosaceae Leaves Poultice External Swellings. 44 0.69 0.89 Lindler(HF-55) Fruits Takenasraw Internal Sedative form Emetic Leaves Infusion Internal Relieve diarrhea. Flowers Infusion Internal Refrigerante 49 EuphorbiahelioscopiaL.(HF- Dhodhal, Euphorbiaceae Seeds Juice Internal Cholera 49 0.77 0.72 87) Dandlion,Herb Roots Paste Internal Anthelmintic 50 EuphorbiawallichiiHk.f(HF- Dhodhal Euphorbiaceae Latex Purgative 42 0.66 0.91 80) Dandlion,Herb Aerial Juice Internal Dyspepsia parts Purgative Warts Skininfections 51 FicuscaricaL.(HF-54) Phagwar,Tree Moraceae Fruit Takenasraw Internal Stomachache 52 0.81 0.95 form Haemorroids Cystitis Anemia Constipation Leaves Latex External Wounds Latex Rubbing External Extractthorns fromfeetor otherbody organs. (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 9/32 Ethno-medicinalknowledgeamongruralcommunitiesofPearlValley Table1. (Continued) ScientificNameandvoucher Localname Family Part Methodof Modeof Disease FC RFC UV number andhabit Used preparation/ application treated property 52 FicuspalmateForssk.(HF-32) Phaghwar, Moraceae Fruit Takenasraw Internal Demulcent 37 0.58 0.84 Anjir,Tree form Purgative Lungs diseases Refrigerante Cystitis Aerial Paste External Freckles parts Latex External Eczeema 53 FragarianubicolaLindl.ex Budimeva,Wild Rosaceae Fruit Chewed Internal Purgative 35 0.55 0.5 Lacaita(HF-87) Straberry,Herb Mouthinfection Purgative 54 Fumariaindica(Hausskn.) Papra,Herb Fumaricaceae Aerial Juice,Paste Internal Antypiretic 48 0.75 0.84 Pugsley(HF-48) parts Skininfection Purifyblood Pimples, Constipation Eczima 55 GaliumaparineL.(HF-40) Lainda,Herb Rubicaceae Aerial Powder External Bleeding 15 0.23 0.31 parts 56 GaliumasperifoliumWall(HF- Lainda,Herb Rubicaceae Aerial Juice Internal Diuretic 22 0.34 0.38 80) parts Kidney Infections 57 Gerberagossypina(Royle) PutPotula, Asteraceae Leaves Paste External Skindiseases 37 0.58 0.66 Beauverd(HF-65) Herb Bonefracture Woundsand cuts Pain 58 HederanepalensisK.Koch Harbumbal Araliaceae Leaves Decoction Internal Diabetes 11 0.17 0.13 (HF-112) epiphyte 59 HeracleumcachemiricaC.B. Tukar,Shrub Apiaceae Aerial Juice Internal Nerve 18 0.28 0.19 Clarke(HF-76) parts disorders. Nausea 60 HeracleumcandicansWallex. Herb Apiaceae Aerial Tea Internal Nerve 12 0.19 0.14 DC(HF-85) parts disorders. 61 HypericumperforatumL.(HF- Herb Guttiferae Flowers Infusion Internal Snakebite 47 0.73 0.61 02) Wounds Swellings Rheumatism Sores Ulcers 62 IpomoeacarneaJac.(HF-142) Junglibakhir, Convolvulaceae Leaves Paste External Athletefoot. 33 0.52 0.73 Shurb 63 Isodonrugosus(Wall.ex. Khwangere, Lamiaceae Leaves Decoction Internal Bloodpressure 37 0.58 0.75 Benth.)Codd.(HF-35) Shrub Toothache Fever Rheumatism (Continued) PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183956 September8,2017 10/32
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