Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals. Risk Assessment, Monitoring, and Remedial Action

414 Pages·2007·35.62 MB·English

by  Ivan R. Kennedy

Rational Environmental
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In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
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In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 966
Rational Environmental
Management of Agrochemicals
Risk Assessment, Monitoring, and
Remedial Action
1
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ubs.acs.or7-0966.fw Ivan R. Kennedy, Editor
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0110 Keith R. Solomon, Editor
August 1, 27 | doi: 10. University of Guelph
n 00 Shirley J. Gee, Editor
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Dowublic Tianjin University of Science and Technology
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Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Editor
Chiba University
Sponsored by the
ACS Division of Agrochemicals
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rational environmental management of agrochemicals : risk assessment,
monitoring, and remedial action / Ivan R. Kennedy, editor...[et al.] ;
sponsored by the ACS Division of Agrochemicals.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 966)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1
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http://bk-20 I. Kennedy, I. R. (Ivan R.), 1938-
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In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
Foreword
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In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
Rational Environmental
1 Management of Agrochemicals
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In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
Chapter 1
Achieving Rational Use of Agrochemicals:
Environmental Chemistry in Action
Ivan R. Kennedy1, Keith R. Solomon2, Shirley J. Gee3,
Angus Crossan1, Shuo Wang4, and Francisco Sánchez-Bayo5
1
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DowPublic creoqnutiinreude d aa crceempatarknacbe lea se vaogleunttiso nf oirn t haep pcloiendt rocl heomf pisetsrtys. hTaos

guarantee increasing environmental safety, an ongoing process
of rational human action is needed, based on chemical risk
assessment, chemical monitoring and risk management using
information of the highest possible quality as feedback.
2 © 2007 American Chemical Society
In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
3
Introduction
Chemical pesticides of increasing efficacy and selectivity have played an
essential role in the production of food and fibre ever since agricultural
production moved beyond the stage of local production and consumption into
trade. Particularly during the past half-century, it is possible to show an intimate
relationship between advances in pesticide chemistry and progress in many
other areas of chemistry. Much chemical ingenuity was involved in the discovery
and development of these pesticides, often relying on new techniques linking
chemical structure to mode of action and efficacy to control pests.
The response in food production to meet the nutritional needs of the earth's
increasing human population (five billion in the 20th century), now known as the
1 green revolution, depended critically on the development of several generations
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2 | 21/ (/). Despite strong public attitudes opposing their use, because of their perceived
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More recently, the development of multidimensional mass spectrometric
methods coupled to gas and liquid chromatography has provided an even higher
level of proficiency in their analysis as chemical residues in produce and in the
environment (4).
Regulation of Pesticide Use
An evolution has also occurred in the regulation of the use of agrochemicals.
Most countries have developed a legal framework for the registration and use of
In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.
4
pesticides, requiring the highest standards of information regarding their safe use
and efficacy. Companies seeking to register new pesticides must meet stringent
requirements for information regarding their effective application and
ecotoxicology (5). The development period, from first synthesis (discovery) to
commercialization, for a new product has increased from 8.3 years in 1995 to 9.1
years in 2000. In the year 2000, it cost an average of US $184 million to
discover, develop and register each new crop protection product (6). This cost is
eight times greater than 20 years earlier and involves extensive laboratory and
field work. Apart from the need for information to optimise efficacy and their
effective application to crops, this information must allow the environmental fate
of each chemical to be predicted. Data on solubility in water and other liquids
such as organic solvents and fats expressed as distribution coefficients (see
1
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i. Risk assessment and modeling, to integrate and relate physical and chemical
properties and environmental action, using fugacity modeling and other
methods for estimating exposure and risks to the environment and humans,
as well as from contamination of food and other consumables.
ii. Improving analytical techniques - with an emphasis on rapid methods
derived from biotechnology, such as ELISA and biosensors, to supplement
advancing instrumental methods - for assays of produce, hazardous or trade
waste, and environmental samples, providing feedback to allow better
choices to be made.
In Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals; Kennedy, I., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.